CYRESTIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
sent the first, greatly mutilated specimen to Europe; afterwards George Semper saw about 70 specimens 
of this species which is but rarely found in collections. It is represented by two forms, of which the darker 
belongs to the rainy-season, the lighter to the dry-season. In the latter the dark marginal area is not only of 
a black-gray shade, but also reduced in size and interrupted by two white crescents between the second and third 
median nervules. On the h. w. the delicate yellow anal area, adorned with a blue-gray anal ocellus and a similar 
spot on the anal projection, give it a strikingly dainty appearance, cassander Fldr. is still quite rarely met 
with in collections. Specimens from the northern Philippines are smaller and lighter than those from localities 
farther south. Semper had his specimens from Mindoro, but the other localities which he mentions in his Work 
(p. 112) refer to dacebalus subsp. nov., distinguished from all the other insular forms by the broader brown distal 
border. Type from Leyte contained in the coll, of the Senckenberg-Museum. Probably occurs also in the Comotes, 
Guimaras and Bohol.— orchomenus subsp. nov. is the most southern race, from Bazilan and Mindanao (Semper 
and Staudixger collections). Especially the differ from cassander in their larger size, and from ihessa in 
having chiefly on the f. w. the brown-gray distal border broader and darker; moreover the yellowish shade of 
the bands on the under surface is largely changed to brown-gray. According to Semper it flies between February 
and August; found in February by Doherty in Bazilan and apparently very scarce. — thessa Fruhst. (122 c 
as tessa) was collected in great numbers by Doherty in Palawan during the month of January. $ mainly yellow- 
brown with nacreous longitudinal bands, but without the blackish distal crescents seen in codes. On the other 
hand the f. w. have on the upper surface the black elongate submarginal ocelli before the apex very distinct. 
Palawan. My coll, contains also Jo-specimens from Balabac with somewhat lighter brown border. 
C. paulinus forms the natural continuation of codes in the Moluccas and the Celebian Subregion. Con¬ 
trasting with codes and cassander the two sexes are very much alike, the more so, the farther east one goes. 
— kuehni Roeb. from Celebes represents, due to its geographical position, a splendid transition from the Philippine 
to the more eastern forms. The <$ recalls thessa-<$ in that the blackish outer border stands out more sharply 
from the gray-mottled basal area. The type came from Tombugo, eastern Celebes; other similar specimens 
from Tonkean and Balante in Fruhstorfer coll. According to Martin it is also found in Bangkai. — man- 
tilis Stgr. (122 b as kuehni) refers to a darker and larger form from the Minnahassa. The figured $ deviates from 
Roeber’s figure and my East-Celebian $$ in the more highly developped melanotic colouring. Especially 
on the upper surface the longitudinal median band, which is in kuehni pure white, is in mantilis heavily obscured 
with gray-black. Tondano and Sawanga.n; scarce. — seneca Wall. (= latilimbata Stgr.) approaches paulinus 
in the greatly enlarged ocelli on h. w., but differs from the Celebian and Moluccan forms in having almost 
the whole distal half taken up by the black-brown outer bolder. On both wings the basal area is as in kuehni 
and mantilis , only on the upper surface displaying occasionally a faint reddish-violet reflection. $ lighter and 
larger than <§. Sula-Mangoli and Sula-Besi, in October and November. — paulinus Fldr. described from a $ 
from Batjan, inhabits the northern and southern Moluccas without undergoing any perceptible local variation. 
But there exist <3$ as well as $$ which have the distal half marked with white, and still others in which the broad 
blackish terminal band is not interrupted and almost completely absorbs the chain of black ocelli so distinctly 
seen in the lighter form. — gilolensis Lathy is the name of an extremely light d'd'-form from Halmaheira. -— wai- 
geuensis Fruhst., (122 b) the most eastern race, is in the light form distinguished by the fact that the colour of the 
greatly reduced black outer border changes to a faded gray-yellow, and by the unusually large, conspicuous eye- 
spots on both wings. Also the supposed rainy-season form may be discriminated from paulinus by having 
on the upper surface the black marginal border narrower and on the under surface of f. w. almost extinct. (Entom. 
1904, p. 71). 
Subgenus: Sykophages Mart. 
This group which is structurally not to 
known white species. 
be separated from the true Marpesia , comprises the better 
C. nivea inhabits, roughly speaking, the central portion of the entire Cyrestis- range; its limits in the 
north-west coincide with the south-eastern limits of thyodamas, about in the latitude of Tavoy. It is found in 
the Macromalayan Archipelago, Siam and Tonkin with their adjacent islands, in the Philippines, Bali and Lom¬ 
bok, reaching in Sumbawa its farthest limits towards the east. The submarginal band on the h. w., as a rule 
(but not in all the species) adorned with blue only in the anal half, does not continue on the f.w., which dis¬ 
plays only a continuous marginal band. The yellow patch at the anal angle of the f. w. stands quite close 
dacebalus. 
orchomenus. 
thessa. 
kuehni. 
mantilis. 
seneca. 
'paulinus. 
gilolensis. 
waigeuensis. 
