Piibl. 15. V. 1912. 
CYRESTIS. By H. Fruhstokfer. 
577 
moreover, nivea lias on both wings the border shaded with yellow-brown and violet, which is not the case with 
nivalis. The meridional stripes are very fine, but are not equally far apart from one another, the second being 
closer to the third than to the first, particularly on the hindwing. The ground-colour which in nivalis is paper- 
white, is in nivea less clear, somewhat opalescent and displaying the lustre of mother-of-pearl; this difference is 
seen more clearly, if one compares two series of say 8—10 specimens of each with one another. On the hind¬ 
wing the blue ornamental line is quite distinct in the anal half of the submarginal band; the yellow markings 
of nivalis are in nivea much darker, orange-brown; the chain-pattern is not visible; the upper surface is 
irrorated with yellow and more broadly marked with a lighter colour. Also the under surface displays a touch 
of yellow, and very pale marginal markings. — baliensis Mart, from Bali, approaches most closely nivea, being baliensis. 
intermediate between this and the two subspecies from farther east, but differs in the following way: The 
inner bordering-line of the marginal band on the forewing, which in nivea is very feebly developed and invariably 
interrupted in the middle on the third median nervule, is in baliensis always complete; whereas nivea has be¬ 
tween this line and the darker outer border three interspaces covered with the white ground-colour, there 
are mbaliensis but two such interspaces, between the second median and the lower radial; the meridional stripes 
are heavier, but in the same way as in nivea unequally far apart; the violet and brown-red markings at the 
apex of the forewing are increased, the under surface is darker. Described from 5 in the Tring Museum, 
collected by Doherty in the “low country” of Bali in April 1896. — fruhstorferi Roeb. (122 a) from Kangean, fruhstorferi. 
Lombok (Sapit 2000', Sumbalun 4000', Sawela). The forewing displays on the very broad marginal band 
only a small roundish spot of the white ground-colour, located between the second and third medians; the inner 
bordering-line is heavy and broad, the violet and brown-red markings at the apex of the forewing are greatly 
increased, the blue ornamental line in the submarginal band on the hindwing is more distinct, the $ larger 
and lighter in colour. Found in moist places from the coast up to 4000 ft. ■— In sambawana Mart, from sambawana. 
Sumbawa the brown-red colour is most richly developed, especially at the apex of the forewing; the inner 
bordering-line of the marginal band on the forewing is as heavy as in fruhstorferi, the meridional stripes as broad 
as in baliensis. Quite unexpected is the increase of the white ground-colour in the marginal band on the forewing 
between the second and third median nervules, but it is less sharply defined, shading quite gradually into the 
black band. The difference in the distance between the various meridional stripes is in this subspecies 
greatest. Two $$ in the Tring Museum are distinguished from the E<S by having the marginal band on the 
forewing marked with just as much white as the <$<$ of baliensis, from which they can be told by the greater 
amount of fulvous and violet. The difference between fruhstorferi and sambawana manifests itself most clearly, 
if one can compare greater numbers of either form, which reveals still another peculiarity of sambawana in that 
the submarginal band on the hindwing is in its costal half strongly convex toward the base, and greatly en¬ 
croaches upon the white ground-colour. 
C. maenalis is found throughout the Philippines and the Macromalayan Archipelago, excepting Java. 
As the extent of its range of distribution was not known until lately, the Malayan forms had been classed as 
another species ( irmae Forbes), the separation of which cannot however be supported by any constant marks 
of distinction. Lately a new, very dark form has been discovered in Nias, most closely allied to semi- 
nigra that connects irmae with the Philippine forms. — maenalis Erichs. (122 a), a robust form with white maenalis. 
ground-colour and broad wings, belongs without any doubt to the nivea- group and follows the type of nivalis 
in that on the forewing distally to the third meridional stripe the white ground-colour touches the costal margin, 
which is bordered with black in the basal half; the two inner meridional stripes are, especially on the forewing, 
very broad, tapering toward the inner margin; the yellow spots adorning the anal angle on both wings are strongly 
developed, the blue line in the submarginal band is on the hindwing very distinct and appears even on the 
forewing above the yellow spot; the chain-pattern is indistinct. $ larger, but hardly any lighter in colour than 
Luzon and Babuyanes, perhaps also on the other islands of the northern Philippines. Flies mostly from April 
until June, then again from September till January. — rothschildi Mart, from Mindoro, is a very dark, most rothschildi. 
probably Alpine form, closely allied to seminigra, and distinguished by the much heavier second meridional 
stripe, which on the hindwing always coalesces at a greater or smaller distance from the anal margin with the 
narrower, third stripe; on the forewing the latter is on the third median nervule connected with the submarginal 
band by a narrow, black cross-line; on the forewing all the veins are broadly sprinkled with black. Both 
wings have the yellow colour at the anal angle greatly reduced and, especially on the hindwing, covered with black 
and steel-blue spots, a peculiarity not found in any other white Cyrestis. The blue stripe in the submarginal 
band on the hindwings is very conspicuous, and continues also on the forewing beyond the yellow anal spot. 
-—- negros Mart, from the island of Negros, stands between maenalis and rothschildi, being more closely allied negros. 
to the first, from which it differs in that the two basal meridional stripes, which are on the forewing very heavy 
IX 
73 
