Publ. 15. V. 1912. 
CYRESTIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
585 
whereas Doherty describes the $ which on the under surface is white instead of “pale orange-ochreous”; 
also above the $ is lighter, resembling thyodamas for which Doherty took it at first. The abnormal colour¬ 
ing, the striking black outer border of both wings, on the f. w. the row of yellow spots in the orange- 
brown submarginal band and the breaking up of the meridional stripes into crescents are very character¬ 
istic of this species and give it a position entirely by itself. The under surface of the h. w., on which 
the chain-pattern is very distinct, reveals the greatest resemblance to thyodamas or andamanica. De Nigeville 
calls it “closely allied to Cyrestis thyonneus Cramer" , and it seems that in the Nicobars the same transforming 
influences were at work as in the Moluccas, the home of thyonneus. At any rate it appears beyond doubt, that 
an almost inconceivable space of time has elapsed since the Nicobars have become isolated both from Su¬ 
matra which is but a few degrees further south, and from the Andamans which are equally far to the north, 
considering that a form of Cyrestis originated there which combines, as it were, the characteristics of anda¬ 
manica (under surface) with those of the nearest brown form theresae Nicev. from Sumatra (upper surface). 
Immigration is out of the question, since Cyrestis is never found in the mangrove-forests growing along the 
shore in those countries, but is limited to certain elevations in which their food-plant thrives, tabula is a sure 
and living proof for the theory that the white and brown forms of Cyrestis have the same origin (Martin). 
C. lutea Zink.-Somm. (121 f) from eastern and western Java, Madura (?), Bali (Doherty). Zinken has lutea. 
also given of this species an exhaustive description and figure, adding that Dr. Bltjme, a collector in Java, 
insisted on having observed a yellow and a white Cyrestis in copula. Possibly Westwood had heard of this, 
when he said in 1850 that the $$ of lutea must be white, as I assume that he never encountered the very 
rare whitish of that species. Either he saw the $$ of nivea or he mistook nivea-33 f° r lutea-QQ, just as 
he claimed nivea Zink, to be the $ of his Cyrestis recaranus (synonymous with lutea , Gen. d. Lepid. p. 261 
No. 3). lutea represents a distinct transition to the following thyonneus-gvoup ; but if it were not for its col¬ 
our, the contour of its wings would place it with the nivea- group, whereas the design of the submarginal 
band on both wings brings it close to the frmae-group. Also with thyodamas it shows a close analogy in the 
existence of pale and dark yellow specimens corresponding to the white and yellow specimens of thyodamas. 
The meridional stripes are, as in the white species, very fine and equally far apart; on the h. w. the sub¬ 
marginal band lacks the blue ornamental line, but contains at its anal end two distinct links of the chain-pattern; 
the yellow markings at the anal angle of both wings, though very plain, are not very conspicuous upon the ground¬ 
colour. But the most striking characteristic of this species is the aberrative colouring of the $ which is white, a phen¬ 
omenon not observed in any other species of Cyrestis. The white$$which are so scarce, that Fruhstorfer captured 
in the course of many years only 2—3 specimens, are distinguished from 3 and $ nivea by the less pure white colour¬ 
ing of both wings, the increased transparency of the apical portion of the f. w. which is light gray, not brown- 
black, and finally by the fact, that the white ground-colour touches on the f. w. the costal margin between 
the third or outer meridional stripe and the submarginal band. The position of the dark blue spots on the 
anal projections as well as the fact, that the middle line in the submarginal band on the h. w. is broken up into 
a few streaks, correspond to the markings of the 33- lutea prefers the mountains and may be called alpine 
in comparison with nivea, although at the limits of its occurrence towards the coast it is found together with 
that species. This alpine character becomes still more evident, if we draw conclusions from Sumatra and Borneo, 
on each of which insular continents we find two species of Cyrestis belonging to the hitherto described groups, 
one in the low-lands and one in the mountains (Martin). - doliones subsp. nov. Two 33 from Bali (2 —4000ft, doliones. 
March 1896, Doherty) in the Tring Museum are throughout somewhat darker yellow, having all the black 
markings, also on the under surface, more pronounced and especially the apex of the f. w. deeply obscured 
with fuscous; the same is observed in the 33 contained in the Fruhstorfer collection. 
The brown species of the subgenus Marpesia Hbn. are generally found in the eastern half of the extensive region 
over which Cyrestis is distributed, and may be separated into two well-defined groups; the first, still Malayan in character, 
occupies the centre of the entire range, whereas the other group inhabits the Papuan Region to its most eastern extremity, 
encroaching but in a few rare instances upon the Malayan Region. These groups differ not only in their colouring, but 
also in the altered outline of the wings. (Martin). 
1. Thyonneus-group. 
This sharply defined group comprises but a few species extending from Sumatra to Borneo, Celebes and 
the Sula Archipelago and as far as the Moluccas (Ceram and Amboina). They are of more robust and heavy build, 
with shorter wings of more irregular outline. On the f. w. the anal angle, although still somewhat excavated, 
does not project inward in the angular fashion of the white species, but is more bluntly rounded; the same 
may be said of the apex of the h. w.; on these the tails are shorter and sharper, and the anal projection 
being of the same shade as the ground-colour is less conspicuous. The meridional stripes, especially the 
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