NEPTIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
615 
from connexa in the still greater development of the white spotting on both wings. Hindwing has the discal area 
distally broader than in specimens from Waigiu, slightly tapering basally; Island of Wetter in the Timor Group. 
—■ staudingeriana Nicev. from Cape York, North Australia approaches in size connexa from Key, in the mar- staudingeri- 
kings maionia FruJist. from New-Guinea. ana - 
Group II: Phaedyma. 
The species belonging to Phaedyma are characterized by their larger size, the greatly developed scent-scale 
spot on the hindwing above and the significant position of the costal veins on the hindwing. Costal and sub¬ 
costal are always very close and parallel to one another, running into the distal margin, whereas in Neptis 
(in the strict sense) the costal inosculates into the costal margin. Phaedyma may be separated into two Sub¬ 
groups : 
A. Hindwing with precostal arising vertically (Indo-Malay races). 
B. Hindwing with precostal in-curved proximally (Austro-Malay races). 
Sub - Group A. 
N. columella is represented by a long series of local and insular forms ranging over the entire Orien¬ 
tal Region as well as a number of Macro and Micromalayan Islands. On the Continent columella is subject 
to seasonal Dimorphism which finds expression in the specimens of the dry-season in an increase of the white 
markings of the upper surface and the paler colouring of the under surface, whereas in specimens of the ex¬ 
treme wet-season the whitish bands above are very narrow and clouded, and the colouring varies from ochreous 
to chocolate-brown. — columella Cr. described by its author from a $ of the rainy-season, surpasses in size columella. 
all the other forms, even specimens taken in Tonkin during the wet-season. On forewing intramedian spots 
unusually long, on hindwing the stripes extraordinarily broad. South China (Hongkong, March-May, rare), 
Hainan. — tonkiniana Fruhst. is considerably smaller than columella Cr. from China, measuring only 67 mm tonkiniana. 
in expanse. My specimens differ above from Cramer’s figure in the shorter white spots on the forewing and in 
the absence of the white submarginal spots on the hindwing. The under surface has all spots on forewing 
smaller, the discal band on hindwing obsolete as also the outer of the two submarginal bands, which in 
Cramer’s figure are placed close to one another and more prominent. Tonkin, Than Moi, June-July, 2 
— martabana Moore is represented in Farther India by two forms: a) fa. martabana Moore, type from Rangoon, martabana. 
My rainy-season specimens from Lower Burrnah and Siam are at once distinguished from their allies from 
India proper and Tonkin by the great prevalence of the black ground-colour and the consequent reduction 
of all white markings, whereas the dry-season form is much more richly adorned with white than any 
of the other known subspecies. For that reason I adopt the name given by Moore for columella from Tenasse- 
rim, Malay Peninsula, Siam and Annam. — b) fa. aiesia Fruhst. (125 e wrongly named siamensis) represents alesia. 
the form of the dry-season, differing from that of India proper in the much broader and shorter longitudinal 
stripe in the cell, the more roundish spot at the apex of the cell, and the broader median bands on the hind¬ 
wing. Being moreover of smaller size than ophiana, the increase of the white markings is even more conspicuous. 
Malay Peninsula, Siam (Bangkok and Hinlap [January], Kanbury), South Annam (Xom-Gom, February). — 
ophiana Moore was wrongly declared by Moore (Lep. Ind.) synonymous with columella Cr. Chinese specimens ophiana. 
are always larger and have narrower white bands than those from India. The difference between the forms 
of the rainy and dry seasons is less marked than in martabana and alesia, appearing rather in the darker, more 
chestnut-brown than ochreous colouring of the under surface of the wings than in a reduction of the white 
markings so evident in the rainy-season forms of martabana, tonkiniana and columella. Sikkim, Assam, 
Mussoorie (De Niceville). — - nilgirica Moore from the South of India differs from the North Indian form in nilgirica. 
having the white discal spots on forewing larger and the bands on hindwing broader. Nilgiris. •—- Of singa singa. 
Fruhst. we know a very characteristic rainy-season form of unusually small size and with uncommonly elongate, 
pointed wings. The white markings are somewhat broader than in martabana Moore and much narrower than in 
alesia Fruhst. But on the under surface it differs from all its allies in the nearly black-brown ground-co¬ 
lour of both wings. Its home is Singapore, but I presume that it also occurs in Borneo and Sumatra. In the 
latter island columella is so scarce that Dr. Martin received during the course of 13 years only 1 specimen, 
and in Borneo it has not been discovered as yet, although there is reasonable certainty of its existence there, 
since it is not at all rare in Palawan. — balaviana Moore displays among all the forms of columella by far bataviana. 
the richest white markings. East and West Java, up to about 2000 ft. of altitude. According to De Nice¬ 
ville also in Bali. - —- baweana Fruhst. (125 f $ and $). : The white spot before the apex of cell on forewing baweana. 
