624 
PANTOPORLA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
the island of Palawan, with their adjacent islets, whence we know 9 species, several of which are endemic, 
although this region is but insufficiently explored. 
But the greatest number we find in the Macromalayan Region, whereas towards the East, in the Micro- 
malayan Region, we observe a rapid decrease, only two species being known to occur on Sumba and Sumbawa. 
Surprising is the entire absence of the Pantoporidi in Ceylon, especially since we know three species in the South 
of India, one on the Andamans, and five in the small island of Nias, and still more wonderful is their reappea¬ 
rance in the Salomon Archipelago (which they must have reached from the Philippines), as they have so far 
never been observed either in New Guinea or in Australia. 
The following table illustrates the respective numbers of species found in the various localities: 
Sumatra and Borneo 10 species each, Nias 5 species, 
China and the Philippines 9 ,, ,, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa and Sumba 2 species 
each, 
Sikkim, Assam and Java 8 ,, ,, Solomon Islands 1 species 
Tonkin and Annam 7 ,, ,, 
Remarkable appears also the abundance of the $$ of Athyma upon the smaller islands, a fact to be 
observed also in connection with the Papilionidae, Euthalidi, Charaxidi e. a. Thus whereas of the far-ranging 
Continental Athyma kresna Moore the $ is not yet known, the $ of the local reta syma Fruhst. is not at 
all scarce in Nias; and of alcamene Fldr. from the Philippines the collections contain almost exclusively 
With the exception of Athyma perms L. which is everywhere met with near human habitations, the 
Athymidi inhabit the forests; still they do not prefer the dense shade, but rather frequent sunlit openings, 
and clearings, and visit the blossoms growing along the edges of the woods. The majority of species prefer altitudes 
of from 2—5000 ft., but a few ascend to the Alpine Region. Thus we know jina Moore from an elevation of 
6000 ft., and opalina Roll, was even taken at an altitude of 10000 ft., its larva having been found in the 
Himalayas at 6500 ft. All the species of Athyma are good fliers, moving rapidly with jerky strokes. Still they 
do not as a rule fly great distances, but alight frequently, the wings extended, on trees and shrubs. P. 
perius visits occasionally moist places on the roads. It is not to be expected that many new species of Athy¬ 
midi will be discovered, if we may judge from the very few discoveries made during the past decades. 
Thus whereas Moore could in 1857 and 1858 describe 10 new species, Martin, Waterstradt and myself 
were able in the course of 10—15 years to bring to light only one new species each; still we may count upon 
the discovery of new and good local forms in the satellite islands of Sumatra and in some of the smaller Philip¬ 
pine Islands. 
Group A: Athyma. 
Discoidal cell of forewing either entirely open, or closed by a very fine discocellular. 
I. Sexes monomorphi c. 
a) Eyes naked. 
pravara. P. pravara is the plainest species of the Genus, easy to recognise by the undivided streak in the 
discoidal cell of the forewing which is only shared by P. jina Moore and P. fortuna Leech (Vol .1, pi. 59 d). The spots 
on the upper surface are in all the forms arranged as in esra (123 d), varying according to the locality. Beneath 
it varies from pale grey to coffee-brown.. Hindwing with more or less distinctly brown median spots, arranged 
in a sort of band, and with greenish basal irroration. Found from Northern and Indo China all over the 
acutipennis. Macromalayan Region. — acutipennis Fruhst. from Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, is distinguished from its 
insular allies by the yellowish hue of all markings. Beneath considerably darker, brown instead of grey, with 
more prominent black spots standing out more boldly from the ground-colour. $ characterized by the elongate, 
acuminate apex of \virig which appears in the remaining forms of pravara much shorter and more rounded. —■ 
indosinica. indosinica Fruhst. shares 'with the preceding form the dark bands on the upper surface and the dark colour¬ 
ing beneath, but represents a still more extreme case of Melanism in the reduction of the whitish-yellow 
subapical spots and of all longitudinal bands. In ^ the shape of wings stands about midway between 
acutipennis and the insular pravana. Tonkin, Chiem-Hoa, August—September, at an altitude of 1000 ft., Siam 
salvini. January, at about the same elevation. — salvini subsp. nov. refers to an excellent local form found 
