PANTOPORIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
629 
uncertainty prevailed formerly about this species; first, because Moore described as distinct species to insular 
forms which were constantly confounded with one another, and then, because the $ remained for a long time 
unknown, being figured here for the first time, whereas Moore took the grey-brown dimorphic $ of a P. 
nefte form to be the $ of reta. The upper surface has, as in all Pantoporidi, the bands varying according 
to the locality; the under surface is as a rule darker than in the figured $ from Nias (124 d). The 5+ of 
the remaining local and insular forms are not yet known. —• rnoorei Fruhst. is the Continental form, charac- moorei. 
terized by the broad, brillant white bands and large subapical spots which unite on the forewing with the 
submarginal spots to form a nearly continuous band. Under surface with brown-yellow bands. Very 
scarce. Assam, Upper Burma, Mergui Archipelago, Malay Peninsula, Singapore (type). — mendica subsp. mendica. 
nov. is, in contradistinction to the preceding, a small form with extremely narrow transverse stripes on the upper 
surface of both wings, of a clear white colour like moorei. Under surface paler than in Singapore specimens. 
Banka, type in Munich Museum. —• reta Moore, described from Sumatra, specimens from the North-East and reta. 
South-West of the island in my collection. According to Martin it is quite common, and is met with on every 
road leading through high forest. The pupa is richly decorated with gold as usual in the Pantoporidi. The 
white bands and spots somewhat narrower than in moorei. Under surface darker, the white submarginal band 
occasionally margined with pale blue. —■ syma subsp. nov. (124 d as reta,), a remarkable insular race, characteri- syma. 
zed by the reduction of the white spots on forewing, especially of the subapical and subanal series. has the 
subbasal band on the hindwing tapering both in front and behind, leaving the middle part broader. Also the 
submarginal spots on hindwing are diminished and farther apart. $ very much like $, bands slightly 
broader, approaching the $ of moorei, but the colouring yellowish instead of white. Under surface of a rich, 
dull golden brown, only slightly darker in <$. Island of Nias, scarce. Described from 6 <$<$, 5 $$ contained 
in Fruhstorfer’s collection. —- euryleuca Hag., contrasting with syma in the unusually broad white bands euryleuca. 
of the under surface, and the sharply defined, likewise enlarged, white spots above. The subbasal band on 
hindwing placed somewhat nearer the costa. Ment.awej, only 1 <$ known. — kresna Moore\ although one of kresna. 
the commonest Pantoporidi in Borneo, a great number from Kina-Balu, Pontianak and South-Eastern 
Borneo being in my collection, the $ is not yet known. Submarginal markings considerably narrower than in 
moorei and reta. Under surface darker brown. 
(3. Eyes ciliated. 
P. ranga, a continental species, particularly interesting on account of its great sensitiveness towards 
geographical and climatic influences, and easily recognizeable by the very rich white markings of the under 
surface which has the square, dull yellowish-white patches cut up by broad black veins. —■ serica Leech (Vol. I, serica. 
p. 186, pi. 59 a) is the northern-most form, very scarce, in West China, June-July on Omeishan up to about 
4000 ft. — obsolescens Fruhst. from Tonkin, closely related to serica, although inferior in size, of still stronger obsolescens. 
tendency toward melanotic colouring than karwara. The third subapical spot on forewing entirely absent, 
all other spots much smaller than in Moore’s figure 1 (Lep. Inch), and of bluish-white instead of yellowish tone. 
The two uppermost spots in the subbasal band on hinclwing are violet and not white. But it shares with 
Moore’s fig. I the grey-white, half translucent, submarginal band on the hindwing which is not found in 
karwara. On the under surface the black ground-colour extends much farther than in the Indian ranga, the 
green basal irroration is darker, the veins are more broadly dusted with black and the antemarginal as well 
as submarginal white spots greatly diminished. Tonkin (type) Chiem-Hoa (August, September), ca. 3000 ft.; 
Siam, February. —• ranga Moore (124 c) is the oldest name for the North Indian form; it refers to the dry- ranga. 
season form, extremes of which have also the outer band on the hindwing didl yellowish-white. Under surface 
white with black bands and spots. — ltiahesa Moore refers to the larger specimens of the wet-season; QQmahesa. 
also on upper surface of hindwing with yellowish, grey-dusted, elongate spots, which in tend to become 
obsolete, even more so than appears in our figure. Larva with brown head armed with spines; segments green, 
with a yellowish-white ring at the ninth segment. Each segment with a subdorsal and a lateral row of 
finely-branching spines which are longest in front. Feeds on Olea dioica and Lonicera malabarica. In its 
mode of living it resembles the larva of Limenitis procris ; after gnawing off from the leaves all the softer 
parts, until nothing is left but the bare midrib, it barricades the access to the main stalk with excrements and 
silk-threads, in order to prevent ants and spiders from approaching and disturbing it when it rests motionless 
on the top of the rib. After the last moult it changes its habits, and is found on the upper side of the leaves, 
conspicuous enough on account of its colour. Pupa brown, the sides adorned with brillant silvery markings. 
Head with two long, sharp horns, thorax and first abdominal segment provided with lateral appendages. Oe- 
