638 
LIMENITIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
L. trivena (Vol. I, p. 183) ranges in the Indian Region over the Northern and Western Himalayas and 
Cashmere: I possess a number of specimens from Mardan in the North-West Province, and according to Nice- 
irivena. ville it is cpiite abundant at Simla. Several forms have been described in Vol. I: trivena Moore (122 f) figured 
from a $ with unusually broad bands. Under surface pale yellow, shaded on forewing with darker. This form 
ligyes. advances farthest to the South and is found also on the foothills of the Himalayas. — ligyes Hew. (Vol. I, p. 
hydaspes. 183) from Cashmere and Kunawur, with narrower bands. — hydaspes Moore is the darkest of the three mentio¬ 
ned forms, advancing, according to De Niceville, farthest to the North, to regions with most scanty vegetation. 
Larva on Lonicera tartarica. Flies from June till September. Bingham reports it also from Chitral. 
damxa. L. daraxa inhabits Northern India and the Macromalayan Region with the exception of Java. -— daraxa 
Moore (122 f) is at once distinguished by the pale emerald bands and spots above; under surface red-brown, 
marked with pale blue at the inner margin of the hindwing, and with black submarginal dots on both wings. 
From Sikkim we know specimens of the dry-season which, although inferior in size to the figured <J of the 
rainy-season, have the green band broader and the under surface paler red-brown. From the Kumaon Himalayas 
to Assam, the Naga and Chin Hills. Oberthur has received daraxa also from Tonkin, and I observed it inFebruary 
on the Plateau of Lang Bian in Southern Annam, at about 3800 ft. The butterflies are a beautiful sight when 
they come out of the forest into the bright sunshine, settling with half open wings on low shrubs, barely one 
yard above the ground, ready to take to the wing upon the slightest disturbance. According to Elwes they 
alight also on moist spots in roads, always returning to the same place, even when chased and missed with the net. 
In Sikkim daraxa ascends to almost 7500 ft., being quite common in clearings in the woods, especially from April 
viridicans. till November. —- vin'dicans Fruhst. from Kina-Balu, very scarce. Smaller in size than daraxa, lacking almost 
completely the red-brown anal spot on the hindwing above. The green median band somewhat narrower, par- 
theoda. ticularly beneath. — theoda Fruhst. resembles the preceding form, but still smaller and with still narrower, 
green median bands on both wings. On the forewing the median band consists of only three green spots, in daraxa 
and viridicans of four, the others being quite isolated. The red-brown spot at the anal angle of the hindwing above 
is longer and narrower than in daraxa Dbd., and much larger than in viridicans. Beneath it deviates from all 
the other forms of daraxa by the marginal and submarginal areas being dull ashy-grey instead of shining grey- 
violet. Moreover, all the black submarginal spots are narrower and more sharply defined. The brown-red 
submarginal band on the hindwing, accompanying in daraxa and viridicans the grey area proximally, is absent 
in theoda. <§: Forewing measures 26 mm, in viridicans 28, in daraxa 30—32 mm. Sumatra, Battak Mountains. 
Most likely theoda comprises also the form of the Malay Peninsula, of which Doherty reports having taken 
a number of $$ on Larut Hill in Perak, at an altitude of about 4800 ft. 
agneyana. L. agneyana Doh., a rare species of which only 2 or 3 specimens are known. It differs from daraxa 
in having the green median band on the forewing bifurcate or double. Uncus, according to Doherty, long, 
distally curved, without scaphium; valve simple, gradually tapering anteriorly. In daraxa it terminates more 
bluntly, with a distinct dorsal appendage like in Athyma and Limenitis dudu ; uncus shorter, scaphium well deve¬ 
loped, strongly curved both downwards and outwards, its extremity pointing toward the uncus with which it 
may by muscular movements be brought in contact. Found on Larut Hill, Perak, about 3000 ft. lower down 
than L. daraxa. Since Dr. Martin has in his collection a $ from the Battak Mountains, we may reasonably 
expect daraxa also in West Sumatra and possibly in North Borneo. 
zulema. L. zulema Dbd. (122 f). Under surface has the basal area pale blue, shaded with black, limnal area 
red-brown. Moore figured (Lep. Ind. Ill, pi. 251) a rainy-season form, with much narrower median band, 
but larger in size. Very scarce in Bhotan and Sikkim, it is comparatively common at Cherapunji in Assam. 
May and June, at altitudes of from 1600—-4800 ft. $ does not differ much from Several $$ were also taken 
in Burma and in Upper Tenasserim (March). 
L. dudu which had hitherto only been found in India, Burma and Sumatra, was lately discovered hi 
jinamitra. Formosa by H. Sauter. Three forms may be distinguished: jinamitra Fruhst. (123 a), beneath pale lilac, hind¬ 
wing at anal angle dusted with white, forewing has the apex rich red-brown, the cell traversed by red-brown, 
black-margined bands. Scarce in the mountains of Formosa. $ almost identical with Uncus rather more 
sharply curved than in Moduza procrhs Cr. and M. lymire Hew. Valve shorter, sharply angled ventrally, the 
dorsal tooth broader at base, sharper at apex than in M. lymire. Valve contracted at the end, distinctly bent, 
dudu. slightly chitinized. -— dudu Westw., superior in size to jinamitra , has the bands narrower and rather yellowish 
than clear white, and the red-brown streaks in the cell of the forewing more distinct. According to De Niceville 
it was found in the dense forests on the highest peaks, circling around the tops of the trees, between June and Au¬ 
gust. Very rare in Sikkim and Bhotan, it is quite common in Assam, like zulema. Occurs also, though sparsely, 
