640 LIMENITIS. By H. Frith storfer. 
found in Cethosia, especially biblis. Under surface as above, only with grey instead of brown-yellow markings. 
$ almost like $. 
Group C: Moduza. 
Valve differing from that of the other Limenitidi in being armed with a series of 4 distal spines, of 
which the ventral one is longest and sharpest. 
L. procris has among all South Asiatic Limenitidi the greatest range, appearing at the same time among 
all the species of the entire Genus most susceptible to local and climatic influences. As, moreover, the subspecies 
of procris often undergo mutation, quite a number of varietal forms have developed which are peculiar and limited 
to certain islands. Thus the little island of Nias has one species of its own, likewise also Ceylon, Palawan and the 
Philippines. The extent of variability is illustrated in our figures 122 e and 123 a. The under surface remains, 
however, extremely constant, displaying hardly any differences whatsoever, even in the Philippines forms. 
Both wings have the base pale or blue-green, the discal area white, margined first with black, distally with 
red-brown, the limnal area red or brown-yellow, traversed by lines and dashes of violet. $ always like $, 
only larger and with more rounded wings. Larva on Mussaenda frondosa, Wendlandia and Nauclea cadamba 
(Rubiaceae). Head armed with spines, as in the Pantoporidi, colour in all stages of development dark brown. 
According to Davidson and Attken the larva is, when young, thinly covered with short, bristly 
tubercles. In this stage it begins eating the leaf from the top down, leaving only the midrib standing, and filling 
the gnawed-off places with excrements which it weaves together with threads of silk, when it is almost 
impossible to distinguish the larva from its surroundings. After the final moult it abandons this habit, generally 
sitting on the upper side of the leaf. Its head in this stage is uncommonly large, thickly covered with short, 
single bristles. On the back the larva is provided with two rows of strong, diverging spines and tubercles, 
longest and placed rather sideways on the third and fourth segments. Pupa has the abdomen slender, the co¬ 
vering of the wings distented. Head provided with two hammer-shaped horns, which meet above, leaving a 
circular opening in the middle. Colour brown; altogether not unlike a wilted leaf. Pupal state lasts 10 days. 
Imago as a rule quite common, preferring the low-lands, although ascending to about 3800 ft. It frequents 
the edge of the woods, settling with spread wings on leaves at no great distance above the ground and often 
remaining for a long time in the same place. If disturbed or pursued, it retires with a few rapid strokes, 
alighting a few yards further on some other bush. According to Martin it is fond of wet places and faeces 
'procris. on forest-roads. — procris (Jr., described from Southern China, newly discovered by me in Tonkin, is found, 
without undergoing any perceptible change, also in Burma, Siam, the Mergui Archipelago and in Northern 
India as far as the Kumaon Himalayas. It is very common in districts with abundant rainfall, from the lowlands 
chlaena. up to about 3800 ft. In Sikkim there occurs a distinct form of the dry-season: chlaena Fruhst., figured by Moore, 
easily recognized by the broadly white median bands, especially of and the larger subapical spots on the 
forewing. Cinder surface paler blue, in distal area paler red-brown, but with larger grey-violet crescents. In 
undifmgus. the South of India we meet with the form undifragus Fruhst. of which we have above described the earlier 
stages. It is also found in the Nilgiris up to 4000 ft. The white median band is, especially on the hindwing, 
much narrower, as is also the red-brown submarginal band on the forewing. Under surface darker than in North 
anarta. Indian specimens, deeper blue-green and red-brown, only very faintly irrorated with violet. — asiarta Moore 
is distinguished by the increased black markings, especially on the forev, ing, and by the minute size of the 
white cellular spot, which may even be absent. Under surface darker green, the black median spots more pro- 
batuna. minent than in Continental specimens. Andaman Islands. — foatuna Fruhst. (123 a) has, in contrast to the 
preceding form, on the forewing the white cellular spot pretty large and the median area very broad. $ differs 
from all its Macromalayan allies by having in addition a white anteterminal line on both wings. It is most 
interesting to observe the contrast between this form and L. aemonia Weym. (123 a) from the island of Nias 
but a few miles distant. Only 1 $ known; type from Pulo Tello of the Batu Islands in the Fruhstorfer 
mime. Collection. — minoe Fruhst. from North-East and West Sumatra approaches agnata (122 e), but with more pro¬ 
minent and broader red-brown band on the forewing. Under surface paler blue, all black bands reduced. — 
bankana. bankana subsp. nov. lias, although inferior in size, the white bands broader. Under surface paler than in minoe. 
milonia. Island of Banka. — inilonia Fruhst., found in Singapore and the Malay Peninsula, is just as small as bankana, 
agnata. with the red-brown and white bands considerably reduced above. — agnata Fruhst. (122 e) from North and 
South-East Borneo has, like milonea, the forewings nearly entirely black, but with increased white 
neutra. markings. — With neutra Fruhst. (122 e) we commence a series of paler forms; it differs from the 
Indian procris in the reduced subapical and discoidal spots and the somewhat narrower white band 
on the forewing; moreover, the terminal area is above and beneath darker red-brown. East and West 
Java, up to about 2000 ft. Horsfield published as early as 1829 some excellent figures of the earlier 
stages. Although I have not seen any specimens from Bali, I observed it in Lombok from April until 
