PARTHENOS. By H Fruhstorfer. 
644 
L. alankara replaces martha in the Macromalayan Region, differing from it in having the ground- 
colour rather grey than brown-red, and the black submarginal wavy line on the hindwing pushed farther out- 
mal/iyann. ward. — malayana Fruhst. from the Malay Peninsula represents a transition from the typical Siamese martha 
to the forms of the Greater Sunda Islands, belonging neither to martha nor to alankara (as Distant assumed), 
but being a local form of its own. The hindwings still retain the brown-red ground-colour of martha, but in 
their markings approach much more alankara. Horsf. from Java than sumatrensis Stgr., its closest, geographical 
neighbor. Malayana lacks the second, narrower discal band on the hindwings and the inner white border 
of the black submarginal band, in the place of which the discal row of black spots becomes much more pro- 
imnkana. minent than either in alankara or sumatrensis. Perak. — bankana subsp. nov. is darker brown than suma- 
trana ; hindwings with violet median and submarginal bands and, separating these, two rows of black spots. 
On the forewings the white markings are narrower, but still more distinct than in $$ from Sumatra. Des- 
sumnlrensis. cribed from several $<j> from the island of Banka, contained in the Munich Museum. — sumatrensis Stgr. 
wallacci. resembles above the figured pava (122 d), but has all white markings broader. — wallacei Moore has the upper 
surface of the hindwings suffused with bluish-violet. The Munich Museum contains also a $ with blue distal 
border of the hindwings. I have only seen specimens from North-East Sumatra, but never from the western 
pava. part of the island. pava Fruhst. (122 d). $: Upper surface brown-grey with the usual Lebadea- design, but 
the white markings much less prominent than in alankara Horsf. from Java or wallacei Moore from Sumatra. 
Both wings have the black submarginal band very prominent, but only indistinctly bordered with white. The 
forewings with a postmedian series of generally crescent-shaped spots extending from the costa to the anal 
angle. Beyond the apex of the cell three elongate patches of white, and below the cell four additional median 
spots between the median nervules and the submedian. Hindwings with a row of 7 white, helmet-shaped 
median spots and. parallel with it, another proximal subbasal series of spots the upper one of which is about 
2 mm in breadth, whence the remaining ones gradually taper to a thread-like line. Under surface yellowish- 
grey, on the forewings the white markings of the upper surface are repeated, but are much broader, causing 
the outer and inner marginal bands to partly run together; on the hindwings the two median bands of the 
upper surface are quite faintly seen through; but both wings have the undulate submarginal band, which 
appears here brown instead of black, very distinct, pava was the first Lebadea that was found on the small is- 
alankara. lands accompanying Sumatra on the South-West. Birmah Pulo-Tello, near Nias. — alankara Horsf. from Western 
Java, occurring up to elevations of 1000 ft., is, as may be expected, the palest form among the Macromalayan 
races, distinguished by most dainty white stripes and uncommonly large median lunular spots on the hind- 
.amana. wings. Both wings have the undulate submarginal band bordered with white proximally. — samana subsp. 
nov. is a smaller form from Eastern Java, with somewhat diminished white markings above. In some years 
it is quite common on the foot-hills of the Tengger Mountains and to the South of Malang in the Zuiderge- 
bergde, up to about 2000 ft. of altitude, in open woods, where it frequents the blossoms of low shrubs. Do- 
natmta . herty found it also in Bali. natuiia Fruhst. deviates quite considerably from paduca Moore from the neigh¬ 
boring Borneo; it rather approaches L. sumatrensis Stgr., differing from it in having on the forewing the white 
helmet-shaped discal spots very feebly developed, and in the presence on the hindwing of a broad violet series, 
which is hardly noticeable in sumatrensis. On the other hand the white submarginal band, which in the latter 
is very broad, is in natuna only just indicated by a series of white curved dashes less than one mm in width. 
But the discal series of brown helmet-spots is rather well developed. Both wings underneath much more richly 
marked than in Sumatra $$, differing also in Borneo $$, especially on the hindwings, in the presence of a 
very narrow, sharply defined, but intensely brillant brown submarginal zigzag-line. $ expanse of forewing 
pwluca. 42 mm. Natuna Islands. - paduca Moore. Specimens from North and South-East Borneo have on the fore¬ 
wing the white lunules, and on the hindwings the median area much narrower than in sumatrensis and mala- 
panlUia. yana Fruhst. $$ with median stripes on hindwings almost obsolete. — paulina Stgr. has the brown-black 
spots in the median area of the hindwings more distinct, the under surface richer and paler brown-yellow 
than in paduca. Palawan, not scarce in January. 
41. Genus: Parllnuios Him. 
The genus Parthenos occupies among the Limenitidi quite an isolated position, not alone on account 
of its different neuration, but also on account of its general appearance, the peculiar style of colouring and the shape 
of the valve. In other respects, however, it so closely agrees with the Limenitis type, that it cannot justly be sepa¬ 
rated from that group, but should rather be considered as some distant Subgroup, although some authors 
unite them with the Euthaliidi. Parthenos not only has the precosta 1 arising behind the subcostal, but bifur¬ 
cate, and it generally also possesses a narrow precostal cell. The short spur at the base of the median is di¬ 
stinctly developed. On the forewing the 1. Subcostal arises at the middle of the cell; the 2nd originates im¬ 
mediately beyond the first, one half of it coalescing with the main stem, and reaches the margin a short distance 
before the apex. The 3rd and 4th branches arise quite close together, almost from the same point, shortly 
before the apex. The upper discocellar is absent; the middle one short, pointing inward, strongly incurved 
and joining the median precisely at the origin of the second nervule. The third median nervule prolonged 
