652 
TANAECIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
darkest specimens are hardly shaded with brown. Under surface more vividly coloured, at the base pale och- 
vikramida. reous, the distal area sharply defined, pearly-white, slightly suffused with grey-violet. — vikramida form, nov., 
analogous to viJcrama, from the western part of Sumatra, larger than viJcrama, with brillant white longitudinal 
bands on both wings which are margined with a gorgeous violet-purple, binder surface more intensely ochreous, 
norina. with more distinct, black macular rows. — norina form. nov. resembles Euih. erana Nicev., being midway 
between this and phintia ; wings elongate, but without the violet-blue irroration of the upper surface of the 
secondaries, which have only a narrow white area on the forewings completely shaded with grey-brown. Padang 
Bovenland, West Sumatra. Sexual organs either broad, rounded (viJcrama Fldr.) or following the slender phin¬ 
tia type. Uncus sharply falcate; valve very much pointed, curved upwards at the extremity, covered with 
siddhartha. long hair. — siddhartha subsp. nov. from Pulo Tello of the Batu Islands. Inferior in size to the West Sumatran 
form, a transition from viJcrama and paryanya to T. Jieliophila Fruhst. (132 a) from Nias, but with all the white 
markings completely shaded with grey and the submarginal spots on the hindwings not so pronounced as in 
heliophiJa. Type in the Adams collection of the British Museum. 
heliophila. T. lieliophlla Fruhst. (132 a) is easy to recognize by the clear white markings of the forewings and the 
very large conical submarginal black spots on the hindwings which in $ are even more pronounced than in the 
figured <§. The <$<$ have the underside of the forewings brown-yellow, of the hindwings purple. Island 
of Nias, not very common. 
T. palguna is the commonest Tanaecia, generally passing in collections under the name of pelea. At 
first I thought of uniting it with pelea, but an examination of the genitals shows a great difference between 
the slender, almost straight and delicate uncus of the Lombok form ( palguna stygiana Fruhst.) from the sharply 
curved uncus of T. pelea vilcrama. Since in the Euthaliidi even among otherwise well separated species the 
genitals often show hardly any difference, I think that the actual existance of such a deviation cannot be 
neglected, the less so since, in contrast with pelea, Moore’s palguna develops no colour-varieties whatever. 
palguna. It inhabits Java and the adjacent Micromalayan islands, palguna Moore. $ similar to stygiana (131 e), 
but the white median band of the hindwing is narrower anally and but slightly dusted with brown. $ larger 
than <$, Avith more rounded wings and occasionally with median band tAvice as Avide. Under surface mainly 
grey-violet, marked with dots and wavy lines of delicate brown accompanying the white stripes. West 
balina. and East Java. — balina Fruhst., a dwarfed insular form with narrow and heavily brown-shaded median band 
on the deep brown upper surface. Forewing beneath broadly bordered with brown, all other markings more 
stygiana. distinct. Island of Bali, September. — stygiana Fruhst. (131 e) is larger und darker than Javanese specimens. 
The anterior portion of the white median band of the forewing is divided by black spots and narroAver, whereas 
in the Javanese form that part is broadest. The under surface of stygiana is darker, the fore wing margined 
with brown instead of whitish as in palguna, and the hindwdng brown at the base, not suffused with blue; all 
bands and other markings of the under surface heavier. Uncus much more like that of trigerta than of pelea 
viJcrama, even more delicate and slender. The valve, however, more pointed, narrower distally than in trigerta, 
closely resembling that of viJcrama. stygiana is not common in Lombok; still I could always figure upon cat¬ 
ching, between 11 and 1 o’cl., when the sun’s rays reached even the shadiest nooks in the forest, from 3—-4 of 
these lovely butterflies. 
Tanaecia trigerta and palguna count among the commonest butterflies of Eastern Java,; one meets them everywhere 
in the open woods, resting, especially during the hotter hours of the day, AA'ith expanded wings on the leaves of shrubs a short 
distance above the ground, — a most lovely sight. They are not at all shy. On my arrival in southern .1 a A'a in 1S92 
the cultivation of coffee had not yet reached the enormous proportions of to-day, and the coffee-gardens, — Avhere all kinds 
of other insects abounded, but butterflies were rare, — Were agreeably interrupted by stretches of forest land : at that time I 
could easily capture during March and April about 1000 palguna, and I never knew which I should take first, whether the 
Tanaecia or their constant companions viz. Euploea mazares and elusina. The enormous numbers of these species became 
really irritating, for whenever I wished to capture a better species such as Euthalia salia Moore, Apatura natcula Moore, 
Cynitia japis Godt. or some Lycaenidae, that rabble Avould be sure to fly just in front of the net, unsteadying eye ana hand: 
at present, after the lapse of only a short space of time, the increase of coffee-culture and the corresponding disappearance 
of the forests renders the capture of even a dozen of palguna quite a task, and the Euploea have disappeared entirely from that 
region, or have, like Cyrestis per lander and Hestia stolli, retired to the most remote forests skirting the seashore. 
palawana. T. palawana Stgr. from Palawan, an island well known for the great number of endemic forms exi¬ 
sting there, has both sexes nearly alike, pale brown Avith two irregular rows of submarginal zigzag bands. On 
the fore wing the sharply defined white band is accompanied distally by black intranerval sagittate spots mar¬ 
gined with Avhitish violet proximally. Under surface grey with reddish ochreous base of the fore wing. Both 
Avings also above Avith distinct submarginal zigzag lines and, in addition, Avith a complet series of anteter- 
