656 
EUTHALIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
closed, a middle discocellular with an oblique inward angle. Lower discocellular, whenever present, joining 
the median a short distance beyond the origin of the second nervule. Hindwing with single or indistinctly 
b’furcate precostal arising beyond the subcostal. Cell of the hindwing open. <$ has the forefeet covered with 
short hair, femur and tibia equally long, tarsus somewhat shorter. $$ with larger forefeet and longer tarsus, 
covered with short spines from the 2. to 4. segment. In all the species that have been examined, the valve 
sharply contrasts with that of Tanaecia, in being never beak-shaped, but short, wrinkled, blunt, occasionally 
distented or sharply cut off, sub-cylindrical as in Bhinopalpa. Uncus always very plain, never hook-shaped 
or distented distally; either slender (Gynitia), or robust (Euthalia, Dophla , Adolias); it may, however, have 
a sort of helmet-shaped crest ( Dophla recta), or be so much distented dorsally as to present the appearance 
of a goose’s head [Adolias). But these characteristics are not'constant even within the groups of Dophla 
or Adolias. 
The life-history has been given at length in Vol. I. We will only mention their predilection for fruit of 
all kind which enabled me to capture on bananes hundreds of specimens of good species but rarely seen in Europe. 
Although the majority of species inhabit the low-lands, some, especially the Palaearctic species and those 
of the islands, are alpine in their habits. The greatest number we find in the Empire of India, namely 29—-30 
species, in Borneo and Sumatra 22 each, in China 18 species. Java however has only 14 and the Eastern 
Micromalayan Islands only 3 or 4. From Celebes Ave know 4, from the Moluccas and the Papuan Region 2, 
whereas the Philippines including Palawan are inhabited by 16 species. The northern limit is Formosa, in the 
East the genus does not go beyond the Bismarck Archipelago. 
The different local forms have not yet been sufficiently studied, and a great number may still be 
expected from the-satellite islands of Sumatra and Borneo. Whereas Banka and Billiton still produce a great 
number of sharply separated forms, going south the number decreases rapidly, although in Nias eve still find 11 
different forms. 
Group I: Cynitia Snell. ( = Felderia Setup. [ praeocc .]). 
Of delicate build, compared Avitli the other Euthaliidi, more or less like the preceding genus. Forewings as a rule 
more produced and the distal margin more sharply excavated than in Tanaecia and Euthalia s. s. Inner margin generally pro¬ 
tracted similar to the Euploeidae. Only the first subcostal nervule confluences with the costal vein. Precostal as in Tanaecia. 
Hindwing with a black androconial patch varying in size in the different species. Genitals very much like those of Euthalia, 
deviating in the blunt valve from Tanaecia. IJncus very plain, its structure differing according to the species: invariably curved 
downwards, occasionally slightly distented in the middle. The early stages are only known of one species. The 1 area feeds 
on Melastoma malaboricum; green, on the back with red, blUe-ringed ocelli; spines covered Avith hair that are yelloAV at the tips. 
Pupa green, all prominiscences golden dotted with black. The flight of the imago is less rapid than of Euthalia, and they 
are not confined exclusively to the forest, fluttering along the edge of the woods and displaying their lovely colours in the sun¬ 
light. $$ in contradistinction to Tanaecia always greatly different from JJ, resembling in their grey-brown dress Tanaecia. 
All the species are highly susceptible to geographical and climatic influences; thus in Java one species breaks up into 3 local 
forms, and of the Macromalayan C. cocytina hardly two $$ are alike: also the vary greatly in the colour of the distal 
margin jmd in the ground-colour of the under surface. 
E. lepidea is one of the best known Himalaya butterflies, generally found in the hot valleys as far 
South as the Malabar Coast and the Malay Peninsula; I have met with it also in Tonkin and Annam. 
The markings of the species are well shown in our figures 132 a and b. Uncus very short and robust with dis¬ 
tented base. Valve shorter than E. asoka, japis and cocytina, resembling in shape that of E. cocytus, ventrally 
excavated, somewhat more slender distally. Larva following the general type of Euthalia, green with a dorsal 
row of light red, blue-pupilled eye-spots. The lateral feathery appendages yellow at the tip. Pupa at the head 
somewhat more compressed than that of E. garuda; green, all prominiscences golden-yelloAv, dotted with black 
lepidea. and gold. lepidea Btlr., described from North India, has a certain resemblance with E. cocytus, but the 
sexes are less dimorphic. with uniform pale grey marginal area which in $ is duller and darker, being 
slightly obscured with fuscous. have the forewings marked beyond the cell with large pale broAvn spots. 
adustata. Some specimens of the rainy season are broadly edged with brown (= fa. adustata form. nov.). From the Niani 
Valley as far as Assam; rare in Sikkim and Nepal, every where common in Assam, up to about 3000 feet of 
[miyana. altitude, throughout the year; but it is difficult to capture on account of its rapid flight. — miyana subsp. 
nov., mentioned by Butler in 1868 as a South Indian form, is inferior in size to lepidea. Both sexes have the 
border of the hindwings paler, the grey tint shading in all the and many §§ into white distally. $$ darker 
above than Assam specimens, without the pale transcellular patches. Under surface especially of the more 
conspicuously clouded with brown. Type from Karwar; flies in August and September. Moore reported it also 
from Orissa in the Central Provinces. It loves to alight on walls and the white-washed ceilings of the veran¬ 
dahs surrounding the bungaloes. Larva feeds on Melastoma malabaricum and Careya arborescens (Myrtacea), com- 
sthavara. mon in the latter part of the rainy season.— sthavara subsp. nov. Avas, together with the preceding form, already 
