660 
EUTHALIA. By H. Fruhstorfer 
beneath however it comes closer to E. lepidea, for which reason Bingham treated it as a subspecies of the latter. 
The $ is very much like the in Tenasserim very constant, but in Malacca Peninsula exceedingly variable. 
andersoni. which accounts for its receiving from Distant four different names. — andersoni Moore (132a $ b $) is 
found in Tenasserim and the Mergui archipelago. $ above with white a<pex and white fringes of the hindwings, 
flora, the latter lacking the black anteterminal line, but displaying a broad marginal area of pale blue. — flora 
Btlr., originally described from a $ taken in the Malay Peninsula, belongs presumably to a dry-season form: 
both wings margined with pale blue, the forewings with three white transparent dots. Undersurface pale 
maclayi. yellow with brown longitudinal stripes and shadows. — maclayi Dist. (type in British Museum), has the blue 
border above broader and of a deeper shade, the under surface clouded with darker brown, the distal area 
stoliczkana. pale violet. — stoliczkana Dist. is probably a rainy-season form, with only rudimentary traces of the blue 
median band of the hindwings and black-brown under surface. Distant figured also another $ form of flora 
under the name of macnairi, which seems intermediate between flora and maclayi, with a narrower blue mar¬ 
gin above than the latter, beneath rather resembling andersoni Moore from Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula, 1 $ 
salnngana. from Sumatra in the British Museum. — salangana Fruhst. is closely allied to maclayi, but still paler and deco¬ 
rated with bands of violet above; the violet marginal band on the forewing narrower than in maclayi , disap¬ 
pearing entirely near the apex, but on the hindwing much wider. Forewings beneath without white subapica-1 
spot and with almost obsolete black submarginal line, which is not dentate, and runs almost straight. Hind¬ 
wing without a trace of a black submarginal stripe; otherwise like maclayi ; the outer margin somewhat paler 
and edged with violet instead of with blue. Type from the island of Salanga, in the British Museum; another, 
very similar and pale form from Penang, Siam, in the Adams collection of the British Museum. 
E. cocytina is the collective name of a species that has among the Euthaliicli developed the greatest 
number of forms. This name must now be again introduced, since cocyta F. had to give may to the elder cocy- 
tus F. In fact, it appears from the critical examination by Prof. Aurivillius that cocyta. is identical with 
cocytina Horsf., having the under surface equally pale ochreous, without any dark markings beside the lines 
in the cell of the forewing, just as in blumei Voil .; therefore the substitution of Horsfield’s name seems 
justified, cocytina inhabits the Macromalayan Region, with the exception of Java, where it is replaced by another 
distinct species ( E. japis ); moreover it is found in all the minor islands, breaking up into a great number of 
generally quite sharply separated races which again in either sex vary individually to a surprising degree. Most 
of all it varies in Borneo where we find two local forms, one in the North, another in the South-East of the 
island. Especially in the northern part we find hardly two individuals alike, especially since here also the 
difference in elevation plays some part. Also in Sumatra we find two local races. The $<$ resemble in colouring 
partly E. godarti, but are easily distinguished by having the apex of the forewing less produced, and by the smal¬ 
ler scent-patch of the hindwings above. Moreover, cocytina. lack the bright frictional surface of the forewings 
beneath. In the $$ we never observe on the fore wings a few isolated hyaline spots, as in godarti $$, but 
invariably confluent bands of clear or dull white. Among the we may distinguish two chief types: 
obscumta. a) those with light {blumei), b) those with dark undersides of both wings: = obscurata form. nov. — Above 
we distinguish again in either group a) individuals with pale blue {blumei), b) with violet bordering, espe- 
I’i'ilrtfa. daily of the hindwings (fa. violetta form. nov.). The hindwings may still further have, especially in individuals 
with pale yellow under surface, the terminal line exceedingly fine {blumei) or broad and sharply margined with 
black: The <$$ belonging to the form with dark under surface are sometimes faintly suffused with purplish- 
violet, particularly on the brown submarginal band, and in Borneo specimens we notice as a chief character- 
arya. istic of the hindwing a blue-violet submarginal zone (= arya form. nov.). — Also among the $$ we find 
in Borneo both the palest and darkest forms (fa. ambalika Moore, 133b; fa. martini Fruhst. 137 d) *). The 
sexual organs show no pecularities, but resemble those of all the other Cynitia. Uncus single, long, curving 
downwards distally, slightly distented in the middle, never so stout as in E. lepidea from Northern India, 
nor quite so slender as in E. godarti Gray. Valve club-shaped, bluntly rounded anteriorly, apparently varying 
according to the locality, being broadest and through-shaped in the dark form of the low plains of Sumatra, 
narrowest and longest in fa. montivaga Fruhst. from the mountainous parts of Western Sumatra, but in either 
longer than in the Javanese form E. japis Godt. The species is everywhere common, but prefers the more 
puscda. open woods and the lower plains. — puseda Moore (133 c) was the earliest name given a $ form which is very 
common in the Malay Peninsula, but is not found elsewhere. The oldest name of the $ of the Malay form is 
macnairi. macnairi Dist. (132 e) which its author unfortunately treated as the $ form of the collective species of E. 
flora Btlr. macnairi belongs to the type with pale blue bordering of the upper surface and dark under surface. 
*) In northern Celebes I saw in December 1895 near Toli-Toli an Euthalia which very closely resembled cocytina. 
