664 
EUTHALIA, By H. Fruestorfer. 
3rd subcostal arises in as in Euthalia proper, far beyond the end of the cell. Thus it appears that Nora is 
absolutely synonymous with Euthalia. Of the 8 species named by Niceville 5 belong to E. salia, 3 to E. 
kesuva. However, the creation of this genus Nora■ is easily explained by the fact that the forms belonging to 
it are like the Tanaecia among the most variable Euthaliidi, and indeed hardly have their equal among the en¬ 
tire Nymphalid group. In Nora as in Tanaecia we observe, beside the usual sexual differentiation, also Poly¬ 
morphism in the a phenomenon not often found in Nymphalids. Thus for instance of the many forms 
of Nora bipunctata of Borneo hardly two resemble one another. The Nora are mostly of local occurrence, and 
limited to the Macromalayan Region with their nearest satellite islands; only kesava also occurs in the North 
of India. Its limits of distribution reach from Hainan to Tonkin, Tenasserim, Sikkim, the Malay Peninsula, 
Borneo and the Sulu group in the North, Sumatra and Nias in the South. East of Lombok they do not seem 
to occur; and in Celebes they are not at all represented, this island possessing altogether rather few Eutha¬ 
liidi ; a fact which may help to prove the hypothesis of Celebes having never been connected by land with Borneo; 
otherwise it would be difficult to understand why, of the host of Euthaliidi inhabiting Borneo, a greater num¬ 
ber should not have emigrated to and propagated in Celebes. — kesava Moore, described in 1859 from two 
arlmt. different local forms (the $ from Assam, $ from Burma), develops in India three geographical races: arliat 
snbsp. nov. (arhat = the neophyte) (128c as kesava <$) is one of the commonest Euthaliidi in Sikkim, where 
it is found between April and December in the hottest districts, not above 3000 ft of altitude. smaller and paler 
than dA from Silhet and Assam, the brown-yellow costal colouring of the hindwings more extended; the under 
surface of the dry-season form is almost without any, that of the wet-season form with quite insignificant 
black spots and stripes. $ more monotonous than Assam The rainy season form of Sikkim above with grey 
indistinct longitudinal bands and faded pale translucent patches. An intermediate form has the ground-colour 
kesava. light brown with dull brown-grey longitudinal stripes of the upper surface, kesava Moore : ^larger, darker green 
above; $ of the rainy season with whitish instead of grey-brown stripes, the hyaline spots more prominent than in 
arhat. Under surface more intensely brown and of a richer blue. The (unnamed) $ of the dry period is above 
uniformly brown, with sharply dentate submarginal lines margined with dull whitish proximally. Under surface 
of primaries richer white than in $ of the wet-season; hindwings more broadly suffused with blue, both wings 
discipilota. marked with brown zigzag lines. Assam, very common.— discipilota Moore represents the smaller form of Te- 
ranrjuo- nasserim and Burma, with two transparent white patches on a dull brown-grey ground. — rangoonensis 
nensis. Swinh. is its respective dry-season form; forewings with a broad greyish-white band margined on either side by 
sharply dentate zigzag lines. Under surface even more broadly white than in Assam $$. From Bhamo and the 
Shan States as far as Tenasserim. In Siam I took during January and February a pair of kesava fa. discipilota, 
sastra. of very small size, the $ densely shaded with black-brown distally. — sastra Fruhst. (128 d), based on a $ 
of the extreme dry-season from southern Annam, of very small size; on the forewing the white band is slightly 
scaled with brown, as far as the lower median. Under surface darker brown yellow than in rangoonensis $, 
tudela. with narrower blue basal area of the hindwing. Mouhot found this form also in Cambodja. — tudela subsp. 
nov. is of larger size; $ resembling kesava $, but in the dry-season form with more distinct grey-white markings 
of the forewings and less variegated under surface, the base being less blue. $ of the rainy-season form dark brown- 
yellow underneath with broader submarginal bands. August, September, Chiem-Hoa (Tonkin). Crowley 
mentions a similar form from Hainan. 
E. monina is here re-instituted to designate the collective species generally known as E. salia, following 
Prof. Aurivillius, (Entom. Tidskrift 1897, p. 143) who discovered in the Copenhagen Museum 2 of the 
type which are identical with the form figured by Distant as ramada from Perak. Previous authors, amongst 
them Dr. Staudinger, mislead by Fabricius’ diagnosis had transferred the name of monina to other species; 
(thus Staudinger to E. cocytina puseda Moore from Malacca) causing no end of confusion in collections, mo¬ 
nina is in all its forms the most variable Euthalia, with strongly pronounced Polychroism both in <$ and $>. The 
sexual organs document its near relationship with Cynitia in the club-shaped, though shorter valve, with the 
other Euthaliidi in the very short, basally broader uncus. The valve is boat-shaped, rounded at the end. 
monina. monina F. (= ramada Moore) (128 b). Forewings uniformly black, without a vestige of a white 
discal band; hindwing with broadly blue distal border, not traversed by a black submarginal 
perakana. band, but extending to the forewing in the shape of a greenish anal suffusion. — fa. perakana Fruhst. 
decorata. Hindwing with greenish distal border traversed by a black submarginal zigzag band. — fa. decorata 
Btlr. (128 c), originally described from Singapore; occurs also in Perak, judging from a $ of my codec 
tion. Forewing with a fairly broad, whitish, grey-shaded band continuing in some cases to the hindwing. 
