688 
EUTHALIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
above, and a smaller form with greatly reduced and darker spots. A specimen like this marked ,,Perak, Kiinstler“ 
in Honrath’s collection. Distant also observed the great liking dirtea has for fallen fruit, and that cut-up 
pine-apples placed in the road at the right time of year never failed to attract large numbers of either sex. 
montana . — montana Hag . Avas described as a very small-sized alpine form of North-western Sumatra. This form I find, 
however, to b the rule also in the lowlands of the Sultanate of Deli, and another, very dark of my collection 
came from Muara-Enim in the Residency of Palembang. Thus I assign the name of montana to the form of 
North Sumatra in general, resembling beneath annae (128 a). Dr. Martin tells us that dirtea Avas very common 
in Deli before the increasing tobacco-culture destroyed the forests. They Avere found near the houses, and 
could be easily caught on the kitchen refuse or on the fruit that Avas being throAvn away by the Chinese 
nephritica . cooks. — nephritica subsp. nov. refers to the rather larger form of western Sumatra. with more promi¬ 
nent black spots in the somewhat broader, deeper blue band of the hindwing. Under surface paler throughout, 
as a rule with less steel-blue at the inner angle of the fore wing. Two forms of the $, one smaller, having the 
hindwing richly suffused with golden-brown, the other larger having the basal area of the hindwing chiefly 
gigantca . blue-green, and not laved with yellow in the distal area. From near Padang-Pandjang. — gigantea Fruhst. (127 c) 
is larger than even nephritica. <$ distinguished by the lovely golden-red spotting of the upper surface of the fore- 
Aving and the large black spots of the hindwing. But the under surface is still paler fulvous than in nephritica 
<$<$. ? h as the forewing partly dotted with white. Genitals resembling those of E. cyanopardus Btlr., but shorter, 
more deeply constricted basally; valve not curved distally, more irregularly, concavely excavated. Island of 
javana . Nias, not abundant. — javana Fruhst. (127 a <$ c $) is distinguished by the jet-black, slightly glossy colou¬ 
ring of both sides and the sharply defined band on the hindwing which is very dark blue, with a strong silky 
lustre; it resembles dirtea annae Hag. of BaAvean and dirtea khasiana Swinh. of North India, representing a tran¬ 
sition from the latter and dirtea to cyanopardus. Like gigantea and annae, javana is adorned on the forewing 
by a large white apical spot, and a narrow green submarginal band sharply defined by a black marginal band 
fringed with Avhite and black. As in gigantea the cell is spotted with red-brown. On the hindAving the band 
is rather narrow, anteriorly suffused with very dark violet. underside as a rule very dark red-brown. Fore- 
Aving under surface blue-black at the anal angle, with two greenish and one violet-white, median spots, and 
tAvo other, bluish-white ones at the anal angle. Cell traversed by 2 red-brown bands surrounding a black 
patch centred by two brown spots. Between the median veins below the cell two brownish, occasionally 
whitish spots. Antennae above black, beneath red-brown. I have only one specimen which is as light as our 
figure; the majority have the hindwings beneath greenish-brown; a great many <$$ are of pretty dark co¬ 
lour, resembling montana Hag. and annae Hag., these flying during the rainy-season together with the larger and 
paler have both sides polychrome and most brillantly coloured. The upper spots are whitish, the rest 
sulphur-yellow, those at the margin edged with green. The hindwings have the spots very large, pale orange- 
coloured, and the double submarginal roAv of lunular and helmet-shaped spots much heavier, more confluent, 
and more richly adorned with green than in the other dirtea On the under surface the cell of the foreAving 
encloses two white spots edged by a very distinct, black, curved line. Also in javana $ Ave observe the tAvo 
types described under sumatrana, which recur also in Borneo; the first, larger one, possibly of the rainy period, 
having the under surface of the hindwing chiefly blue-green, resembling esmalta (127 b), and another, smaller 
form, spotted with orange above similar to annae (127 d), and broadly suffused with golden brown beneath. 
javana is one of the loveliest forest butterflies. Its velvety-black and amethyst-blue wings, expanding whenever 
it rests for a moment upon the ground, reflect the most gorgeous play of colours not surpassed by anything the 
Orient offers to the astonished eye. As mentioned above, the Euthalia emit a strong fragrance, which may 
be explained by their great liking for all kinds of aromatic tropical fruits, such as pine-apples, sugar-cane or 
bananas. The small number of forms of Adolias found in Java must be ascribed to the absence of forests, for 
it would otherwise be incomprehensible that, whereas all the greater Sunda Islands including the compara¬ 
tively small island of Nias, Continental India and probably also Malacca are inhabited by 3 species, Java shoidd 
only have one ( E. dirtea). — Another form with more rounded wings and heavier' markings of the upper surface 
comae . is annae Hag. (128 a <$, 127 d $). It is somewhat smaller than gigantea Fruhst. and javana Fruhst., sharing 
with the latter the large white subapical spot of the forewing. Beneath it agrees Avith most specimens of 
javana, but is darker, and the anal spots of the fore wing which in javana are still isolated, are united into a com¬ 
pact band of violet-blue. 
