696 
DICHORRAGIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
larva of A. iris (according to Dr. Muller the American species also on the 5. and 10.) has a short, pointed 
projection. Pupa laterally visibly compressed, usually with a strongly projecting ledge at the black, the head 
terminating in two points. The venation of the imago resembles on the whole that of the Vanessids. The 
median spur is entirely absent; this distinguishes them from the Limenitidi, from which they differ, moreover, 
in the $$ having the first four segments of the fore tarsi armed with spines. A relationship with the true 
Nymphalids seems to be precluded by the quite different venation, although the larvae most resemble those 
of Charaxes. On the other hand the pupa differs so much in shape that any possible relationship based on the 
larva is thereby gendered invalid. The great analogy between the pupae of Apatura and Thaleropis on the 
one side and Hypanartia (a Neotropical genus closely allied to Vanessa) on the other leads us to suppose that the 
Apaturidi are very nearly related to and possibly developed from the Vanessidi. The characteristic curving 
down of the 2. subcostal nervule, distinguishing alike the Argynnidi, Diadema and Limenitidi , but absent in 
the Vanessidi, is not found in any form of Apatura either; on the other hand the latter preserve one feature 
characteristic of the Vanessids, the union on the forewing of the lower discocellular with the forepart of the 3. 
median nervule, in at least two genera: Dilipa and Thaleropis, whereas the majority lack the discocellular 
altogether. Also the fact that the $ forefeet are armed with spines, the absence of the median spur and the 
similarity of the foodplant (Urticaceae) indicate their relationship with the Vanessids. Finally it is noticed that 
the ocelli characteristic of the Apaturidi recur, although frequently quite rudimentary, in many Vanessids and 
always in exactly the same position. The fact that the larva is without spines, could be explained by assuming 
them to be resorbed or aborted, in the same way as we find is the case in Catagramma and Haemetera. The 
sexual organs of the Apaturidi are characterized by the long penis and the relatively (considering the size of 
the imago) rudimentary, nearly always sharply curved, hook-shaped uncus. Valve as a rule broad, sometimes 
with a dorsal appendage, nearly always with a sharp upcurved point which in one genus rises to the extremity 
of the uncus and can be seen even with the naked eye ( Eulaceura ). Saccus always rope-shaped. The geographi¬ 
cal range of the Apaturidi is of great interest, comprising the large Oriental as well as the North and South 
American Faunal Regions. 
46. Genus: IMchorragia Btlr. 
This genus, remarkable on account of its geographical distribution, was by Felder and Butler placed 
with the Euihaliidi, by Dr. Schatz and Seitz with the Apaturidi. Indeed Dichorragia represents a transition 
from the Euihaliidi to the true Apaturidi, resembling the former in the short penis and the distally rounded 
valve, the latter in the curved uncus and the long, pointed palpi. The chief characteristic, the shape of the 
larva, we do not know as yet. According to Dr. Schatz the 9? forefeet are armed with spines. Dichorragia 
stands nearest the Papuan genus Apaturina, being distinguished from the other Apaturidi by the single, almost 
straight precostal vein being at the end obliquely cut off, whereas otherwise it is usually bifurcate or outcurved. 
The cells are closed as in Apaturina from which it differs in having the middle discocellular much larger and 
strongly curved inwards, the furcation of the 4. and 5. subcostal nervules longer. Closed cells we find among 
the Apaturidi otherwise only in Dilipa and Thaleropis , which, however, have but one subcostal nervule arising 
before the end of the cell, whereas Dichorragia has always two. The external appearance of the two closely 
aliied genera is so characteristic that they cannot possibly be mistaken for any other. The ground-colour is 
deep, rather bluish olive-green, spotted with black and bluish. Before the termen a very fine, but distinct 
white zigzag line, in one species on the hindwing a broad white marginal border. The ocellus between the 1. 
and 2. median nervule characteristic of the Apaturidi is on the fore wings indicated by a white dot, on the hind¬ 
wing by the unusual development of the spot in this place. They inhabit the deep valleys in the Himalayas; 
in Java we find of one species an insular form confined to the mountains. The northern D. nesimachus we find 
also in Hondo and Formosa, the Philippines, the entire Macromalayan Region, Celebes and the Sunda Islands. 
A second, sharply separated species we know from the Moluccas and New Guinea. 
Of D. nesimachus a number of local forms are known, 3 of which have already been described in the Palae- 
nesimachus. arctic part (Vol. I): nesimachus Bsd. (Vol. 1, p. 168, pi. 60 b), found throughout the year from Kulu to Assam, in the 
nesseus. lower foothills. In Burma and Tonkin where I observed it from May till July, nesimachus is very scarce. — nes- 
nesiotes. seus Sm. is found in Western China, and nesiotes Fruhst. (Vol. 1 , p. 168, pi. 60 b), according to the catalogue of 
