HERONA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
105 
“The genus Calinaga (= Dcvidina Oberlh.) which was classed by Moose with the Nymphalidae, by Kirby and Ober- 
thur with the Papilionidae (next to Parnassius), and was later on by Kjbey referred to the Nymphalinae ( Hypolimnas-gtoup ), 
was finally treated by Moobe as the representative of a special subfamily, the Calinaginae. This uncertainty prompted the 
author to subject it to a close examination, on the base of its geographical distribution, the structure of the egg, legs, antennae, 
the basal cell in the hindwing, the venation and general appearance. This results were the following: Judging from its distri¬ 
bution, the genus appears to be a very old branch of the original family of Diurna. The egg, some of which were taken from 
the abdomen of dried-up $$, differs from those of the Hypolimnas- group as well as of Parnassius, approximating rather those 
of Hestia and Danais. Regarding the structure of the legs, the <$ has the forefeet aborted as in all the Nymphalids, but 
whereas the $ has them perfectly developed, with the tarsi complete, the terminal segment being provided, beside with the 
claws, with a sort of ball (pulvillus) and some lateral appendages (paronychia). This tarsus must be considered to belong to the 
oldest type of legs among all the Nymphalids; it is more frequent in the middle than in the hindlegs, but is never found 
in the forelegs except in Calinaga and Pseudergolis, whereas it is characteristic of the Pierinae. Thus Calinaga, must be pla¬ 
ced immediately before the Nymphalids, in which the $$ have already lost this peculiarity of the forelegs. As to the structure 
of the antennae, K. Jobdan has shown their squamation to resemble that of Lvehdorfia and certain Parnassius ( siubbendorfi), 
but in outward appearance they rather approach Euploea and Danais. One of the most important characteristics is, according 
to Watson, the above mentioned basal cell, which is common to all the Papilionids, so that in this respect Calinaga approxi¬ 
mates Parnassius, but differs from the Danainae and Hypolimnas. This basal cell seems to have been hitherto entirely overlooked 
in Calinaga, being not mentioned either in Schatzs tabulary system of venation (Staudinger and Sohatz, Exot. Schmett. II), 
in the same way as it was overlooked in Parnassius, where W. found it in every species examined. The only feature in which 
Calinaga approximates the Nympha-lid group of Diadema, is the feeble upper discocellular vein in the hindwing and the even 
feebler lower discocellular in which it differs from the Danainae. In general colouring and markings the species of our genus 
resemble a group of Parnassius represented by mnemosyne, glacialis, stubbendorfi. Although no great importance is placed on 
this by the author, he inclines to the view that the three subfamilies of Calinaginae, Pierinae (Sect. Aporia) and Parnassiinae 
(Sect, glacialis) are closely allied to one another, and that, moreover, the aberrative genus Calinaga is also related to the Da¬ 
nainae, but not to the Nymphalid group of Hypolimnas, being therefore a side branch of that family of Lepidoptera 
which represents the origin of the genera Pieris, Papilio, Leptocircus, Parnassius and the Nymphalidae. Although the majority 
of characteristics point towards the Pieris- Papilio-Leptocircus branch, still the structure of the male foreleg may be sufficient 
reason to place the genus at the head of the Nymphalicls“, or, according to Fruhstoreer, with the Apaturidae where we 
have put them (Stichel, in Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftl. Insekten-Biologie 1911). 
On page 462 two new geographical forms must be mentioned as subspecies of G. buddha: fokienensis fokienensis. 
subsp. nov., a very light form, only clearer white than lactaris Frulist. ; type in the Tring Museum, from Kuatim 
(Northwest Fokien), where it occurs together with a gigantic Pierid, a probably undescribed form of Apo¬ 
ria largetaui Oberth. (Vol. 1 , pi. 18 b). 
C. avalokita subsp. nov. Upper surface with the greyish-white hyaline spots larger than in buddha. avalokita. 
Under surface of hindwings evenly pale ochreous. Type from Siam, in the Tring Museum. The discovery of 
this form and its occurrence on the border of Siam and Burma side by side with C. sudassana Melv. (Vol. 9, 
p. 462), prove the specific rights of the latter as a separate species C. sudassana, so that we know at present sudassana. 
three species of Calinaga. 
55. Genus: Meroua Dbl. 
This genus which consists of only three species, agrees in venation as well as in the palpi and antennae, 
and altogether in structure, so closely with Hestina that only the quite different style of colouring and the some¬ 
what different shape offer any reason for separating it as a genus of its own. The only characteristic 
of importance is the precostal which arises vertically, as in Hestina assimilis, in contradistinction to the ex- 
curved precostal of H. nama. The upper discocellular in the £ hindwing is longer than in Hestina narna $. 
Anatomically however, Herona is sharply separated from Hestina by the almost completely aborted uncus 
and the valve which, somewhat as in Eulocera, ends in a distinctly separated sharp point. Earlier stages un¬ 
known. The species prefer the forests; they are very shy; their flight is unsteady and restless, but they frequently 
alight on leaves or prominent branches; occasionally they creep about on the ground chasing after rotting fruit, 
or they alight on treetrunks with their head downwards. Distributed from Nepal and Sikkim to Tonkin, 
the Laos States, and from the Andamans to Bali. 
Of H. marathus we know 4 local forms: marathus Dbl. (116b), one of the commonest Himalaya marathus. 
Lepidoptera, which, however, never occurs in great numbers. $ somewhat paler ochreous than Dry season 
IX 
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