738 
CHARAXES. By H. Frithstorfer. 
borneensis. 
daemonia- 
cus. 
praestan¬ 
tius. 
vandepolli. 
bupalus. 
nicholi. 
durnfordi. 
cnnnectens. 
staudingeri 
everetti 
forewings, which is somewhat variable and, as a rule, appears the broadest in Borneo-specimens. $ larger than 
the <£, with more imposing, more prominently white-pupilled tears of the hindwings and a whitish median 
band of the under surface. The under surface of both sexes is most characteristic and the darkest of all the 
Charaxes -species of the Indo Australian range. — • borneensis Btlr. (135 c), according to Rothschild and Jordan, 
has a $ being above darker than the $$. Before me there are 11 from West Sumatra varying somewhat 
in the width of the band, although none of them is so entirely without any white pupils of the hindwings as 
my (d from Borneo. The $ decidedly lighter than all of my d'dS the hindwings yellowish-brown with an exten¬ 
sive white brightening in the median part of the costal area. Eye-spots of the hindwings with large white pupils. 
In the Lampongs of Sumatra there occurs a form with a very narrow oblique band of the forewings exhibiting 
the most pregnantly the narrowing of the white band generally observed in Sumatra-specimens. — daemoniacus 
subsp. nov. Type in the collection of Dr. Martin. — Another race having hitherto not been considered inhabits 
the Malayan Peninsula, praestantius subsp. nov. $ beneath much darker than even in the $<§ from Borneo. 
Upper surface more intensely red-brown, the white band more sharply defined; narrower than in the average 
Sumatrans. Hindwings immediately noticeable by the much larger black, faintly white-dotted eye-spots 
In the Tring Museum there is a ^ of the Perak-race exhibiting likewise more imposing ocelli of the hindwings 
than the $ from Borneo. According to Dr. Hagen, praestantius flies also in Singapore. — vandepolli Lathy 
is one of the most magnificent discoveries of late. There is only one $ known with a nearly twice as broad white 
band of the forewings compared with Sumatra-,^. Hindwings conspicuously light yellowish-brown with a 
light-yellowish distal margin. Under surface with a greenish-yellow, instead of olive, longitudinal band. Island 
of Nias. 
C. bupalus is characteristic of the Island of Palawan just like Ch. plateni and replaces Cli. borneensis 
there. $ resembles the £ of borneensis (135 c), the band of the forewing, however, is more sharply defined, the 
submarginal spots of the hindwings are longer. Under surface less distinctly bordered in white. $ with a more 
imposing median band than borneensis the under surface of both wings in the basal half just as blackish 
as in the borneensis -$, the distal part, however, lighter, more cinnamon-coloured. 
C. durnfordi, a typical Macromalayan species which has spread to the north as far as Birma, and one 
of those species which represent the most obviously the geographical variability, for each area has its race 
with so greatly modified characteristic marks that they might almost be looked upon as species. In fact, the 
single subspecies were also nominated as highly qualified species. $ above chestnut-brown or cinnamon-coloured, 
always with a sub marginal double row of white crescentif orm spots separated from each other by a black band. 
Hindwing with a uniform white zone decorated with black, white-pupilled ocelli. In the $ all the white patches 
are widened and on the hindwings we notice another median, sometimes band-like brightening. Under surface 
in all the races and sexes rather analogous, predominantly greyish-white with brown patches. — nicholi Sm. 
has the most indistinct white submarginal spots of the forewings, but the most extensive white area and, at 
the same time, the smallest ocelli of the hindwings. The under surface considerably darker than in the other 
vicarious types. $ not yet found. Of the £ but few specimens have hitherto got into English collections from 
Upper Birma, the Khasia-Hills and the Dawnat Range, Tenasserim. Flying time March, April. According 
to Niceville also in a larger shape, with more prominent ocelli at the same place in October. -— durnfordi 
Dist., the nomenclatural type, originates from Sungei Ujong of the Malayan Peninsula. There has so far only 
one been ascertained, the type (now in the Tring Museum). <$ with slightly larger white spots of the fore¬ 
wings, but a somewhat broader white marginal zone of the hindwings than Sumatran specimens. — connectens 
Nicev. (137 a) described according to 5 and $ from North East Sumatra. The $ was first depicted by myself 
in the Int. Ent. Zeitschrift 1908, p. 365. It occurs in two forms: a. as we reproduce it with isolated ocelli 
of the hindwings, and (3. a more rarely occurring form with coherent eye-spots. Near Padang Pandjang some¬ 
times met in numbers, from where 6 $$ and 7 $$ are in my collection. — staudingeri Rothsch. was first disco¬ 
vered by me in January 1891, near Palabuan on the southern coast of West Java, where the butterflies are 
to be found on the sands and on rocks in mountain-brooks rushing down from the wooded hills of about 100 m 
in this district. $ darker than the Sumatran race (occurring rarely in the colouring of the day-butterflies of 
the two islands) and reduced white proximal crescents of the forewings. The $ was described by me in 1897. 
It is above paler, with closely coherent rows of white spots on the forewings. Ocelli in the broader white area 
of the hindwings, longer than in the <$, prominently white-pupilled. Marginal area of both wings beneath almost 
white. Known only from West Java. In the last years, numbers of series of staudingeri have been brought 
to Europe by a collector Primawesi. — everetti Rothsch. occurs in North Borneo from where I have in my 
collection a captured by its discoverer near Lawas. Pagenstecher mentions a $ from Kutei near Samarinda, 
East Borneo. Shelford recently succeeded in taking a $ near Kuching in Sarawak, by means of a bait consi¬ 
sting of rotting bananas, everetti is the lightest geographical off-branch with dull yellowish-brown upper sur¬ 
face and very long, proximally tapering ocelli of the hindwings. 
C. ocellatus which I captured in Lombok, was later on discovered successively by Doherty and Everett 
in the neighbouring islands of Sumbawa, Sumba and Flores. There are altogether only six specimens known, 
