6 
Evidently, there is some disagreement among certain authors in accounting 
for the recrudescence of malaria during the winter. 
Stephens (1908) states that the recurrence of isolated cases of new infec¬ 
tions with malaria in Italy during winter and spring is attributed to the 
agency of the hibernating anophelines. In the early months some of these may 
fly abroad, as early as February on warm days, and further, as Koch pointed 
out, in certain houses where Anopheles exist the temperature is high enough 
to allow the development of the parasite in the mosquito. “ One fact, however, 
has not been established, that these hibernating anophelines actually do con¬ 
tain sporozoites in their salivary glands; and in fact, according to Schoo, of 
Holland, they do not. MacDonald’s observations in Spain were also negative 
in this respect.” 
Manson (1901), with his usual insight, sums up his knowledge of the problem 
in stating that in countries in which there is a cold season, during which fresh 
malarial infections do not take place, the infection of the next warm season is 
probably, in most instances, started from a relapse of a previous infection. “ It 
has not been shown that the malarial parasite can retain its vitality in the 
mosquito during the hibernation of this insect.” 
And again Manson (1914) explains the improbability of sporogonic cycle 
under circumstances of hibernation by the statement that one of the most impor¬ 
tant conditions necessary to the sporogonic phase of the malaria germ is a sus¬ 
tained average temperature of at least 60° F. “ The malaria parasite will not 
develop in the mosquito at low temperatures.” 
Deaderick (1911) expresses his views as follows: “ How is the existence of 
the malaria parasite perpetuated? "Why does the disease become extinct over 
winter when there are apparently no mosquitoes to further the life history of 
the organism?” He believes that it is possible that in a few instances the 
parasites persist in the bodies of hibernating mosquitoes. “ While some inves¬ 
tigators have led to a different conclusion Martirano found in the neighborhood 
of Rome, as late as the middle of March, that from one-fifth of 1 per cent of 
Anopheles were infected.” Deaderick concludes that latent or chronic malaria 
will furnish the solution. 
Henson (1913), writing of the limitation of the role of wintering Anopheles , 
states that, relative to climatic conditions, it has already been shown that in 
many sections of the world following the winter months malaria has been 
eradicated, and that before mosquitoes are again capable of producing the 
infection in man it is necessary for them to feed on the blood of infected man— 
that is, blood containing the sexual forms of the parasite. 
Mitchell (1907), on the authority of Dr. Johnson, believes that the malaria 
parasites have their winter quarters in the human body, because the female 
mosquitoes do not make a meal before hibernating. These, however, quoting 
Dr. Smith, may bite during the winter in a warm house. 
Smith (1904) describes the conditions applicable to the State of New Jersey 
as follows: “Breeding of Anopheles goes on until November in mild season, 
but early in October, or even in late September, specimens begin to seek hiber¬ 
nating quarters. As the insects do not feed before doing this, the malarial 
organism can not be carried over by them. The germ lies dormant in the human 
blood, and. in a partly cured case, there may be no active symptoms of the 
disease, while yet the gametes or reproductive bodies are present. Such cases 
as these Italian laborers have started malarial trouble in several New Jersey 
localities theretofore exempt.” 
Scheube (1902) summarizes the views of several authors relative to hiberna¬ 
tion as follows: “ It therefore follows that the same kind of mosquito may be 
