BIONOMICS AND ECOLOGY OF NEARCTIC SPECIES 
81 
collections. Judging by the reports of such 
collections, as well as the writers’ own expe¬ 
rience, A. crucians, A. walkeri, and A. 
atropos are more readily attracted to lights 
than is A. quadrimaculatus. Bradley and 
McNeel (1935), for instance, report that in 
central Florida, where A. crucians was the 
predominant anopheline, larval examina¬ 
tions made in the vicinity of a trap location 
gave a much higher relative incidence of 
A. quadrimaculatus over A. crucians than 
was shown by the trap collections. 
Besting places. The daytime resting 
places of the various species is subject to 
some variation, depending probably on a 
preference for different temperatures, light 
intensities, and humidities. Inside houses 
they are to be found behind pictures and 
curtains, underneath furniture, behind 
dark clothing, and in the darker nooks and 
corners generally. They are found in large 
numbers underneath houses and other 
raised buildings, in dark corners in stables, 
porches of all sorts, chicken houses and out¬ 
buildings, especially privies, culverts, un¬ 
der bridges, beneath overhanging vegeta¬ 
tion on stream banks, in caves, and in 
hollow trees. Abandoned spider webs in 
such places are favorite roosting places. In 
general, anophelines probably prefer to rest 
on dark-colored surfaces. It has been 
pointed out, however, by Boyd (1930a, 
quoting Nuttall and Shipley) that certain 
colors such as navy blue, dark red, reddish 
brown, and scarlet are preferred to black. 
Soot-covered walls and draughty places 
seem to be avoided. Anopheles punctipen- 
nis is said to tolerate more illumination in 
its daytime shelters than does quadri¬ 
maculatus. A. crucians has been reported 
by Metz (1918) to prefer stables and pig¬ 
pens to houses. Locations underneath 
houses, bridges, etc., in damp places near 
the ground have been found to be favored 
shelters for most of the common species. 
In California A. maculipennis is reported 
by Freeborn (1926) to be addicted to man¬ 
made shelters, particularly dwellings, 
whereas A. punctipennis and A. pseudo- 
punctipennis are rarely found inside 
houses. In central New York Matheson 
(1932) found that A. punctipennis readily 
entered houses, and large numbers were 
taken in cellars, houses, and stables and 
other outbuildings. Barber and Forbrich 
(1933) report A. pseudopunctipennis as 
frequenting houses in New Mexico, and 
that this is usually for shelter was attested 
by the fact that a high percentage of males 
and a low percentage of engorged females 
were found. They also observed that occu¬ 
pied houses usually harbored A. maculipen¬ 
nis (freeborni) while in unoccupied houses 
A. pseudopunctipennis predominated. A. 
atropos readily enters houses and utilizes 
man-made shelters as daytime resting 
places (Bishopp, Cory and Stone 1933). 
The adults of A. walkeri have been found 
resting in barns and under houses (Komp 
1926) and also under overhanging grass on 
the margins of a marsh, whence they flew 
into bright daylight to bite when disturbed 
(Bradley 1936). This species has a ten¬ 
dency to be secretive and its shelters are 
often difficult to locate. Johnson (1936) 
reported that, although A. walkeri adults 
were being taken in numbers in a light trap 
near Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee, daytime 
shelters could not be located. Cowsheds, 
stables, chicken houses, places under houses, 
open woods, tree trunks, stumps, and dense 
weeds were searched, and 2,510 anophelines 
were collected and examined without a 
single one of A. walkeri being found. 
Flight and migration. Our anophelines 
are considered to be comparatively weak 
fliers. In the case of A. quadrimaculatus 
it is a common practice to limit control 
measures to a radius of from one-half to 1 
mile from habitations, depending on inten¬ 
sity of breeding, as the consensus is that 
few migrate farther than a mile from their 
breeding grounds (Barber and Hayne 
1924) (LePrince and Griffitts 1917). How¬ 
ever, Geiger, Purdy and Tarbett (1919) 
have reported that a control area in Arkan¬ 
sas was invaded by flights of A. quadri¬ 
maculatus apparently from a swamp 1.7 
miles distant, and other important flights 
of more than a mile have been reported for 
this species. Kumm (1929a) observed a 
maximum migration of only 0.4 of a mile 
