DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OP CARIBBEAN ANOPHELINES 
99 
tributed from Brownsville, Texas (King 
1937), to tbe northern part of South Amer¬ 
ica. King doubts the identity of specimens 
taken in New Orleans, and although a num¬ 
ber of adults were captured by MacDonell 
in Key West in 1904, the species did not 
become established there (King 1937). 
According to Hoffmann (1932, 1938a), its 
range in Mexico includes the Gulf Coast 
from Brownsville to the State of Quintana 
Roo, but north of Tampico it is rather 
scarce. South of Tampico it is the predomi¬ 
nant Anopheline, and breeds not only in the 
littoral, but extends inland to an altitude of 
400 meters along the river valleys. The 
northern part of the Peninsula of Yucatan 
is very dry, and here A. albimanus is found 
near villages and other human habitations 
where water is stored in artificial reservoirs. 
Swamps that form in isolated areas along 
the coast during the rainy season are in¬ 
habited by the species. In the southern 
part of the Peninsula there are more ‘ ‘ natu¬ 
ral” breeding places; here Hoffmann also 
took the species inland in uninhabited for¬ 
est areas. On the Pacific coast of Mexico 
it is distributed from Guatemala to the 
northern part of the State of Sinaloa. This 
region is much drier than is the Gulf Coast; 
thus A. albimanus is not so abundant here. 
Although the natural range of A. albimanus 
in Mexico is limited to the coastal areas, 
occasionally it is found farther inland at 
higher altitudes, especially during the rainy 
season. Hoffmann records it from Monter¬ 
rey, Nuevo Leon, 545 meters above sea level, 
and from the village of Autlan, in the State 
of Jalisco, 1,003 meters above sea level. 
Molloy (1932) says that A. albimanus is 
‘ * constantly encroaching on the highlands of 
Central America,” and de Leon’s (1933b) 
map shows it to be not only along the At¬ 
lantic and Pacific coasts of Guatemala, but 
inland as far as Guatemala City, at an alti¬ 
tude of 4,500 feet. It has been taken in a 
number of localities in El Salvador (Larde 
Arthes 1921; Sutter 1939). Nicaragua 
(Kumm 1929b), Spanish Honduras (Whit¬ 
more, Roberts and Jantzen 1929), and 
British Honduras (Kumm 1940b). In 
Costa Rica it is the predominant species 
(Barber and Komp 1927; Kumm, Komp 
and Ruiz 1940; Kumm and Ruiz 1939b; 
Root 1924c), especially in the lowlands, but 
breeding may be heavy in drying river beds 
at elevations of 2,500 feet (Salisbury and 
Corrigan 1927). Kumm and Ruiz (1939b) 
found it in 85 localities at less than 1,000 
feet elevation, in six from 1,000 to 3,000 
feet, and not at all above 3,000 feet. 
Published records from Panama, except¬ 
ing those’ from the Cana! Zone, seem to be 
rather meagre, but there are enough to 
show that the species is present throughout 
the country, at least in the coastal areas 
(Barber, Komp and Newman 1929a; Dunn 
1934; Komp 1929a; Komp 1929b; Kumm 
1929b). 
A. albimanus is found in many of the 
West Indian Islands. It appears to inhabit 
almost all of Cuba (Carr, Melendez and Ros 
1940; Kumm 1929b; Malaret 1929), but 
Carr, Melendez and Ros (1940) state that in 
the Province of Oriente it is most abundant 
in areas less than 1,000 feet above sea level. 
Hoffman (1926), Root (1927) took it in a 
number of localities in Haiti, including La 
Yanneau with an elevation of 2500 feet, but 
it is more prevalent at lower altitudes 
(Mink 1933). It is distributed throughout 
Puerto Rico, from the mountains to the 
seashore (Earle 1930b; Root 1922; Tulloch 
1937) , and although it may be taken in most 
parts of Jamaica, it seems to be scarce in 
those areas of the Island that have an ele¬ 
vation of 500 feet or more, while it is espe¬ 
cially abundant in the lowlands (Boyd and 
Aris 1929). Russo (1927) says that it is the 
most important anopheline in Santo Do¬ 
mingo. It has been reported from St. 
Thomas (Hoffman 1930), St. Croix (Kumm 
1929b), Culebra (Hoffman 1940), Vieques 
(Howard, Dyar and Knab 1917b), Tortola 
(Hoffman 1930), Nevis (Hoffman 1930), 
Montserrat (Hoffman 1930), Antigua (Ed¬ 
wards and Box 1940), St. Vincent (Senevet 
1936), Dominica (Senevet 1936), Guade¬ 
loupe (Francois-Julien 1930; Senevet 
1938) , and Barbados (Kumm 1940b; Seagar 
1928). It is absent from Grenada (Earle 
1936b; Root and Andrews 1938), St. Lucia 
(Earle 1936b), Martinique (Senevet 1936), 
