104 
MAT. ART A 
considers that in the Am azon Valley the 
larvae are especially adapted to flood-water. 
In Brazil, Barretto (1938) could find few 
A. darlingi larvae in ditches, small pools, 
and small swamps, but obtained many lar¬ 
vae from the edges of an impoundment, 
where the water was deep, without current, 
and well shaded by trees with branches 
reaching down into the water; these 
branches prevented wave action in the 
water underneath them, and in this pooled 
water, where there was some floatage but 
little vegetation, the larvae were concen¬ 
trated. In British Honduras, Kumm 
(1940b) collected larvae along the edges of 
streams, in deeply shaded water. The 
adults feed readily on man, and can be 
taken in large numbers in man’s habitations 
(Davis 1931; Gabaldon 1938; Giglioli 1940; 
Shannon 1933). 
A. eiseni has a range which includes much 
of South America and extends northward 
through Central America as far as tropical 
Mexico (Aguilar 1931; Curry 1931b; Dyar 
1928; Giaquinto Mira 1936; Howard, Dyar 
and Knab 1917b; Kumm, Komp and Ruiz 
1940; Kumm and Ruiz 1939b; de Leon 
1936b; Martini 1935), but it seems to have 
been found on none of the islands, except 
Trinidad (Beattie 1932). It is another 
“jungle” mosquito, breeding in densely 
shaded, clear, fresh waters of small streams, 
pools, and swamps. Simmons (1939) col¬ 
lected many larvae from coconut husks, 
while Kumm, Komp and Ruiz (1940) found 
them even in tree holes and bromeliads. 
Locally the species may be very abundant; 
for example, Simmons (1939) says that it 
was one of the most common species on the 
Fort Sherman Reservation in the Canal 
Zone during the fall and winter of 1935 and 
1936. Very little is known concerning the 
biology of the adults, but the females do not 
seem to be attracted to man and seldom 
enter houses (Gabaldon 1939a; Simmons 
1939). 
A. grabhami has been reported from 
Cuba (Carr, Melendez and Ros 1940), Ja¬ 
maica (Boyd and Aris 1929; Howard, et al. 
1917b; Theobald and Grabham 1905), Haiti 
(Clark 1926; Mink 1933), Santo Domingo 
(Howard, Dyar and Knab 1917b), Puerto 
Rico (Earle, 1936a; Howard, Dyar and 
Knab 1917b; Tulloch 1937; Wells 1930), and 
St. Thomas (Hoffman 1930). Theobald and 
Grabham (1905) noted that in Jamaica the 
larvae would develop in any stagnant water, 
and Boyd and Aris (1929) also found them 
in all types of breeding water on the island, 
including upland streams with swift cur¬ 
rents, and brackish water along the coast, 
where they were associated with the larvae 
of A. albimanus. Earle (1936a) showed 
that in Puerto Rico the larvae are much less 
tolerant of salt than are the larvae of A. 
albimanus, and that they will occur in 
densely shaded waters, including ‘ ‘ pastures 
where the growth of grass is so dense that 
one’s weight is almost supported on it as it 
overgrows water courses.” The adults will 
attack man; some authors (Root 1922; The¬ 
obald and Grabham 1905) consider the spe¬ 
cies to be an ardent blood sucker that feeds 
on man readily in the evening, but others 
(Boyd and Aris 1929; Earle 1936a) con¬ 
clude that it prefers the blood of animals. 
It is not often found in houses (Earle and 
Howard 1936), and is not especially abun¬ 
dant. 
A. crucians has been found in Cuba 
(Carr, Melendez, and Ros 1940; Kumm 
1929b), Jamaica (Boyd and Aris 1929; 
Kumm 1929b), along the Caribbean littoral 
of Mexico (Hoffmann 1932), and British 
and Spanish Honduras (Clark 1926; Kumm 
1929b, 1940b; Martini 1935; Whitmore, Rob¬ 
erts and Jantzen 1929). Martini (1935) 
gives a record from Iguala, State of Guer¬ 
rero, Mexico, and another from Lago Peten, 
Guatemala. Tulloch (1937) includes A. 
crucians in his list of brackish-water mos¬ 
quitoes from Puerto Rico. In Jamaica, 
Boyd and Aris (1929) collected larvae from 
streams, seepages, and ponds, in sunlit or 
slightly shaded water; no larvae were found 
in brackish water. According to Vargas 
(1940a), both A. crucians var. crucians and 
var. bradleyi are present in Mexico, in the 
states of Tamaulipas and Veracruz. 
A. punctipennis was reported from Ja¬ 
maica by Theobald and Grabham (1905) ; 
however, Boyd and Aris (1929) point out 
