106 
MALARIA 
disappear, and only the females are found 
in the resting places (Hoffmann 1929a). 
The habits of the adults seem to differ in 
various parts of the A. pseudopunctipennis 
range. In the highlands of Mexico the fe¬ 
males will fly for considerable distances to 
enter houses and feed on man (Hoffmann 
1929b; Vargas 1938). The species is con¬ 
sidered to be a dangerous malaria carrier in 
the highlands of Guatemala (Giaquinto 
Mira 1936; Molloy 1932), but in Costa Rica, 
where Kumm, Komp and Ruiz (1940) col¬ 
lected many larvae, only a few adults were 
captured in houses by these workers. The 
females do not fly far, and are not attracted 
to houses, in the Canal Zone (Curry 1925) ; 
they are not attracted to man in Grenada 
(Earle 1936b), although in this island, dur¬ 
ing July and August at least, A. pseudo¬ 
punctipennis is the most common Anoph- 
eline (Root and Andrews 1938). In Argen¬ 
tina it is a dangerous blood-sucker (Davis 
1927). The suspicion that the species is 
divided into geographical races or sub¬ 
species has not been confirmed on mor¬ 
phological grounds, although there are two 
kinds of A. pseudopunctipennis eggs in 
California (Herms and Freeborn 1920; 
Herms and Frost 1932), both of which are 
unlike the eggs from Panama (Rozeboom 
1937b), Costa Rica (Kumm 1940a), and 
Mexico (Vargas 1939b). The writer has 
examined A. pseudopunctipennis eggs from 
western Oklahoma which were identical in 
morphology with those he described from 
Panama. Vargas (1939b) considers the 
form in California, the egg of which was 
described by Herms and Frost (1932), to 
be different enough to merit specific rank; 
he calls this mosquito A. boydi. 
A. parapunctipennis ranges through the 
highland^ from Mexico to Panama (Kumm 
and Ruiz 1939b; Vargas 1940a). Komp 
(1936a) .collected larvae in a large cold 
spring on the slopes of Chiriqui Volcano in 
western Panama. This rare species was 
first found by Dampf (Martini 1935) in the 
state of Chiapas. 
A. hectoris was described from Guate¬ 
mala by Giaquinto Mira (1931); it is also 
found in the mountains of Mexico. Dampf 
(Martini 1935) took it near San Cristobal, 
Chiapas, 2,000 meters above sea level. Ap¬ 
parently only the adult had been captured 
in Mexico until April, 1940, when Mazzotti 
discovered larvae in Ciudad de las Casas, 
Chiapas (Vargas 1940a, 1940b). According 
to de Leon (1936a, 1936b) it is the charac¬ 
teristic anopheline species in the higher 
mountain regions of Guatemala, and breeds 
in small, shallow, slowly-flowing streams 
filled with algae. The adults are said to 
attack man (Molloy 1932). 
- A. vestitipennis is comparatively rare, 
but it ranges from the tropical regions of 
Mexico to South America (Aguilar 1931; 
Barber and Komp 1927 ; Clark 1926; Curry 
1931a; Dyar 1928; Giaquinto Mira 1936; 
Hoffmann 1929b, 1932; Kumm 1940b; 
Kumm, Komp and Ruiz 1940; de Leon 
1936b; Martini 1935), and is also present 
in Cuba (Carr, Melendez and Ros 1940), 
Puerto Rico (Wells 1930), Jamaica (Boyd 
and Aris 1929), and Dominica (Dyar 1928). 
The larvae develop in shaded, fresh-water 
streams, seepages, ponds, and rain pools 
(Boyd and Aris 1929; Kumm, Komp and 
Ruiz 1940). The adult females will attack 
man, and Hoffmann (1929b) has found 
adults in houses. 
A. punctimacula has a wide distribution 
in the New World tropics, including all of 
the Central American countries (Aguilar 
1931; Barber and Komp 1927; Clark 1926; 
Curry 1931a, 1931b; Howard, Dyar and 
Knab 1917b; Kumm 1940b; Kumm, Komp 
and Ruiz 1940; Kumm and Ruiz 1939b; 
Simmons 1939; Sutter 1939) and tropical 
Mexico (Hoffmann 1932; Martini 1935). It 
breeds in clear, cool, densely shaded waters 
in small streams, ponds, and swamps, where 
it may be associated with larvae of A. eiseni, 
A. oswaldoi, and A. apicimacula. The 
adults will feed on man as well as on ani¬ 
mals, and will visit human habitations in 
search of blood (Kumm, Komp and Ruiz 
1940; Rozeboom 1938a; Simmons 1936a, 
1939). 
A. apicimacula has been reported from 
Mexico (Hoffmann 1932; Howard, Dyar 
and Knab 1917b; Martini 1935), all of the 
Central American countries (Aguilar 1931; 
