124 
MALARIA 
P. falciparum. Earle (1936a) reported 
negative experimental results with 6 mos¬ 
quitoes in Puerto Rico. There are no data 
for P. vivax and P. malariae. 
b. Infection in nature. In 1927, Covell 
stated that there was no evidence that this 
species causes malaria in nature. Kumm 
and Ruiz (1928), in Costa Rica, dissected 
20 specimens with negative results. In 
1939 Kumm (1940a), in British Honduras, 
found a specimen of A. vestitipennis with a 
naturally acquired salivary gland infection. 
c. Epidemiological. Data inadequate. 
Additional investigation of this species 
will be required to determine its relation to 
malaria. 
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus 
Wiedemann 1821 
a. Experimental infection. —P. vivax. 
Darling (1910), in Panama, reported the 
infection of 6, or 85 per cent, of 7 speci¬ 
mens fed on carriers of tertian parasites. 
Among others who have reported the re¬ 
sults of experimental infections are Earle 
(1930a), Komp (1940) and Rozeboom 
(1938a). 
P. falciparum. Darling (1910), in Pan¬ 
ama, also reported the infection of 31, or 72 
per cent, of 43 mosquitoes fed on carriers 
of estivo-autumnal parasites. Others re¬ 
porting infections with P. falciparum are 
Earle (1930a), Roseboom (1935, 1938a), 
Simmons (1936) and Boyd and Jobbins 
(1940). 
P. malariae. According to Covell (1927), 
“Godoy and Pinto (1923) recorded that A. 
albimanus had been experimentally infected 
with quartan parasites by them in Brazil. 
Root (1926), however, says that he has 
never seen this species in Brazil and con¬ 
siders thatvthe species so recorded are prob¬ 
ably aberrant females of A. tarsimacu- 
latus.” 
Studies were carried out by Boyd, Carr 
and Rozeboom (1938) to compare the sus¬ 
ceptibility of A. albimanus from Cuba and 
Panama with that of A. quadrimaculatus 
and A. punctipennis from Florida, when 
paired lots were simultaneously infected 
with strains of P. vivax and P. falciparum, 
derived from Florida and Cuba. “The A. 
quadrimaculatus displayed a high suscepti¬ 
bility to both the indigenous and exotic 
strains of P. vivax and P. falciparum, 
while A. punctipennis was definitely less 
susceptible to the exotic strains of the para¬ 
sites. A. albimanus was invariably inferior 
to A. quadrimaculatus in susceptibility to 
strains of parasites from its own region and 
it was nearly non-infective with the nearctic 
strains of these parasites.” Boyd and Job- 
bins (1940) reported that, “A. albimanus 
from Panama exhibits a susceptibility to a 
coindigenous strain of P. falciparum simi¬ 
lar to that observed in a Florida strain of 
A. quadrimaculatus when infected with the 
same strain. The relative susceptibility of 
these anophelines to coindigenous and exotic 
strains is essentially similar to those previ¬ 
ously noted by Boyd, Carr and Rozeboom 
(1938).” 
b. Infection in nature. A. albimanus has 
been found infected in nature in Venezuela, 
Panama, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Costa 
Rica. 
c. Epidemiological. This hardy species 
invades dwellings and feeds avidly on man 
and it also may show a preference for 
horses (LePrince and Orenstein 1916), or 
oxen, goats or pigs (Earle and Howard). 
Observations made by Rozeboom (1938a) 
in Panama indicate that it may prefer 
man to the pig. King (1937) stated that 
A. albimanus “is considered to be by far 
the most important anopheline species in 
the Caribbean region being the predomi¬ 
nant form in many parts of the area and a 
highly effective vector of malaria. While 
preferring fresh water breeding places, 
open to the sunlight, it is also versatile in 
its habits since it may develop freely in 
brackish or salt water and in quite a variety 
of situations. The unfortunate results of 
its introduction into new territory have 
been demonstrated in Barbados, where as 
reported by Seagar (1928) it was found for 
the first time in 1927, accompanied by a 
severe outbreak of malaria. According to 
this report, the island had previously been 
entirely free of anophelines and of malaria 
infections.” As indicated by Kumm in 
