ANOPHELINES IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OP MALARIA 
159 
marshes and all breeding places within pri¬ 
vate property in the city were treated each 
week or ten days during the mosquito 
breeding season with kerosene oil. Then 
the work became more or less haphazard 
until 1928, when it was again organized and 
is still carried on. Practically all the 
marshes have been drained or filled. 
Only a few specimens of A. quadrimacu- 
latus have been taken within the city since 
1918. Now there is no malaria and the 
anti-mosquito work continues mainly to get 
rid of such mosquitoes as Aedes vexans, 
Culex pipiens and certain spring breeding 
forms. 
A detailed study was made by Dr. 
Smillie (1927) of the results of a water 
impoundment at Gantt in Alabama. Dur¬ 
ing 1922 (the year work was begun) there 
were recorded 16 cases of malaria in a 
population of about 250. The dam was 
completed in late 1923. The lower half of 
the dam site was partially cleared while the 
upper half remained uncleared with high 
water surrounding trees, shrubs, and all 
kinds of floating debris. The malaria cases 
in this area were 3 in 1921, 16 in 1922, 6 
in 1923 (water impounded in late autumn), 
238 in 1924, and 132 in 1925 (105 relapses 
and 27 new cases). Of the 238 cases in 
1924 only 21 had a previous history of 
malaria and of these only 5 had the attack 
during the previous two years. The epi¬ 
demic began slowly in June and July and 
reached its peak in October, 1924. 
A detailed study was made of the anoph- 
eline population during 1923, 1924 and 
1925. As there were practically no anophe- 
line breeding areas surrounding the dam 
very few adults of A. quadrimaculatus were 
present except in the late autumn. A. 
crucians and A. punctipennis were also 
present in small numbers. During 1924 A. 
quadrimaculatus was very abundant, reach¬ 
ing a peak in late September. The other 
two species showed no marked increase over 
the previous year. The curve of malarial 
cases followed closely that of the abundance 
curve of A. quadrimaculatus. During late 
1924 active measures were taken to improve 
the impounded water by clearing and in¬ 
creasing the use of oil or other larvicides. 
The water was again impounded (June 1) 
without the upper half of the dam being 
cleared, resulting in excessive breeding of 
A. quadrimaculatus in the upper portion 
of the dam. Control by larvicides was not 
successful and there developed 21 new cases 
of malaria about the uncleared area. The 
water was again withdrawn on July 10, the 
control of anopheline breeding was estab¬ 
lished and malaria stopped. 
The dam was now cleared of all timber, 
shrubs, and a clean shore-line was estab¬ 
lished well above the high-water line. The 
results as summarized by Smillie are: A. 
quadrimaculatus is essentially a pond 
breeder, A. crucians was prevalent during 
spring and summer, A. punctipennis was 
present throughout the year but most 
abundant during the winter months. Epi¬ 
demiological evidence clearly demonstrates 
that A. quadrimaculatus is the vector of 
malaria in this area. 
It is very unfortunate that in this inter¬ 
esting and illuminating study of a malaria 
epidemic in a restricted area no dissections 
of anophelines were made. 
In the late summer of 1935 a rather 
striking epidemic of malaria occurred in 
Camden, N. J. From 1912 to 1934 a total 
of 61 cases of malaria had been reported 
from the entire county of Camden. In the 
late summer of 1935 Butts (1937) reports 
a total of 120 cases in a comparatively small 
section of Camden City, in the northern 
area close to low, marshy ground near 
creeks. A case of malaria had returned 
from South Carolina shortly before the 
appearance of new cases in this vicinity. 
However the city has a central airport near 
the marshy area and heavy traffic from all 
parts of the country passes through this 
district. On September 11 and 12 collec¬ 
tions of mosquitoes were made which 
showed the presence of small numbers of 
A. quadrimaculatus and A. punctipennis. 
From September 14 to September 28 daily 
trappings were made and a total of 2748 
mosquitoes was secured, of which 53 were 
female Anopheles (species not indicated). 
At the time of Butts’ report (August 14, 
