304 
MALARIA 
models equipped with time clocks can be 
traced in the reports of Headlee (1932). 
In these traps a vertical sheet metal cylin¬ 
der is covered by a conical roof spaced some 
distance above its upper end. The attrac¬ 
tive light source is located directly under 
the roof which acts as a reflector. An elec¬ 
tric fan is mounted in the upper portion of 
the cylinder and a screen funnel emptying 
into a cyanide jar is placed below the fan. 
Insects attracted to the light are sucked 
through the fan and are killed in the cya¬ 
nide jar. The value of these instruments 
in evaluating anti-mosquito work has been 
demonstrated by Mulhern (1940). Bishopp, 
Cory and Stone (1933), in a mosquito sur¬ 
vey of the Chesapeake Bay section, ob¬ 
served that A. quadrimaculatus and A. 
punctipennis did not enter these light traps 
in proportion to their relative abundance. 
In Florida, Bradley and McNeel (1935) 
traced seasonal variations in the abundance 
of A. crucians and other mosquitoes by 
means of New Jersey traps. Carnahan 
(1939) found about 6 per cent of all speci¬ 
mens collected in these light traps near 
Miami, an airport of possible entry of ex¬ 
otic species into the United States, were 
A. crucians Wied., A. walkeri Theo., A. 
quadrimaculatus Say and A. atropos D. 
and K. represented in that order of abun¬ 
dance. 
Johnson (1937) captured A. walkeri in 
abundance in Tennessee with similar traps 
in an area where hand catches were nega¬ 
tive to that species. As various colors were 
tested the attractiveness of the light in¬ 
creased through the visible spectrum from 
red to violet. 
Infra-red and photographic red light did 
not attract anopheles but ultra-violet did 
so, slightly. 
Beports of mosquito collections by means 
of New Jersey type light traps include 
Botsford and Turner (1933), Stearns, Mc¬ 
Creary and Newhouse (1933), McCreary 
(1939) and Shields (1938). Storage bat¬ 
tery operated devices patterned on these 
traps have been used by Butts (1937) in 
New Jersey and in a Works Progress Ad¬ 
ministration Project in Delaware (1939). 
Sprays 
Previous to the widespread adoption of 
pyrethrum in kerosene oil sprays for the 
destruction of adult mosquitoes, Mansell 
(1930) recommended a spray composed of 
1 per cent pure carbon tetrachloride, 2 per 
cent methyl salicylate in second quality 
kerosene with the addition of one-fourth 
pound naphthalene to each gallon, applied 
at the rate of 5 fluid ounces to 1000 cubic 
feet, and Barber (1936a) found a saturated 
solution of naphthalene in kerosene cheap 
and moderately effective. 
In Africa, Thornton (1934, 1936), 
Booker (1935, 1936), and Boss (1936) re¬ 
ported campaigns against A. gambiae and 
A. funestus in which the systematic and 
efficient spraying of native dwellings with 
a pyrethrum spray prevented epidemic ma¬ 
laria in every case in which they were in¬ 
stituted. Huts representing a population 
of more than 50,000 natives were included 
in certain spray programs. 
In Europe, Swellengrebel (1934) con¬ 
ducted extensive experiments on the de¬ 
struction of adult mosquitoes in buildings 
with pyrethrum sprays. Nijkamp and 
Swellengrebel (1934) recommended a spray 
for stables which was composed of kerosene 
550 cubic centimeters, vaseline oil 450 
cubic centimeters, methyl salicylate 20 
cubic centimeters, oil of sassafras 10 cubic 
centimeters and pyrethrum extract 10 
grams. Spraying was considered a routine 
and not an ex^e. nental procedure by 
Schiiffner and Swellengrebel (1938). These 
authors concluded that spraying against 
anopheles in a state of sexual inactivity in 
houses in late summer prevented from 50 
to 92 per cent of the malaria that would 
otherwise occur in the following year. 
Nabokov and Tiburskaya (1936) ob¬ 
tained excellent results against anopheles 
in daytime shelters in peat bogs near Mos¬ 
cow with a 10 per cent benzine extract of 
pyrethrum with the addition of phenyl and 
methyl salicylates when applied at the 
rate of 10 fluid ounces per 1000 cubic feet. 
Viktorov estimated that at least 90 per cent 
of mosquitoes in houses and tents were de¬ 
stroyed by spraying with a water solution 
