306 
MALARIA 
planes at a port removed from both the 
infected territory and the nearest United 
States port. A power sprayer was espe¬ 
cially designed with an accurate metering 
device and an adjustable nozzle with a 
pressure release to prevent dripping of 
insecticide. 
Fumigation 
Sulfur burned alone or in combination 
with other materials has long been a mod¬ 
erately effective method of fumigation 
against adult mosquitoes in spite of its dis¬ 
advantages. Ananyan (1929) burned a 
mixture of dung and sulfur to drive A. 
maculipennis into box traps on the top of 
cow sheds in Armenia, and Clyde found 
that burning a mixture of equal parts of 
sulfur and powdered waste tobacco was an 
effective fumigant. To reduce fire hazard, 
Nabokov (1929) experimented with the 
generation of sulfur dioxide from sodium 
sulfite and sulfuric acid. He also con¬ 
structed an apparatus in which the fumes 
from burning sulfur or tobacco on three 
dishes placed one above another in a metal 
cylinder were carried off by a pipe affixed 
to a conical lid. 
James (1935) cleared barracks of anoph¬ 
eles by burning pyrethrum to drive them 
into a net bag mounted on a dark cloth 
stretched over a window. Rooms were 
darkened so that the trap bag was the only 
lighted area visible to the anopheles. The 
less effective fumigants, cresol and sulfur, 
were also used. Treillard (1934) recom¬ 
mended the dripping of cresol on a hot 
plate in fumigating against anopheles in 
Indo-China. 
A finely ground slaked limedust impreg¬ 
nated with 5 to 10 per cent anabasine sul¬ 
fate and applied at the rate of 5 ounces per 
1000 cubic feet was effective against hiber¬ 
nating mosquitoes in Russia according to 
Kremer and Kuvichinskii (1937) and Pivo- 
varov and Guterman (1937). Benyamin- 
son and Nabokov destroyed hibernating 
mosquitoes in freezing temperatures with 
2 ounces of pyrethrum dust per 1000 cubic 
feet, and May found vapors of hexa- 
chlorethane toxic but not very practical in 
the control of mosquitoes in closed spaces. 
Poisons 
In experiments with poisoned baits 
for destroying adult anopheles, Lischetti 
(1927) mixed honey with mercury bichlor¬ 
ide, boric acid, arsenious anhydride, potas¬ 
sium arsenite or potassium cyanide. Po¬ 
tassium arsenite proved most satisfactory; 
potassium cyanide, though most active, 
soon lost its toxicity. 
The supposed toxic effect of coumarin on 
malarial parasites when ingested from 
clover by female anopheles was not sup¬ 
ported by experimental evidence (Mayne 
1930a). Stratman-Thomas (1931) consid¬ 
ered that any correlation between the 
planting of leguminous plants and reduc¬ 
tion in malarial incidence was due to drain¬ 
age necessary in growing the crop. 
Repellents 
Coogle (1925) repelled mosquitoes from 
unscreened and dilapidated houses by pres¬ 
sure spraying creosote at the rate of one 
gallon per 450 square feet of interior wall 
surface. 
Gutzevitch and Podolyan (1935) re¬ 
pelled mosquitoes with smoke candles made 
from a mixture of 100 gm of pyrethrum 
powder (pyrethrin content .28 per cent), 
50 oz semi-liquid wheat flour paste, 25 oz 
potassium nitrate, 25 oz sawdust and 50 to 
70 fluid oz water. Candles about one centi¬ 
meter square cut from the viscous mixture 
were dried and burned at i~2% oz per 1000 
cubic feet as a repellent or 1-1% oz per 100 
cubic feet as a fumigant. 
Repellents for the protection of indi¬ 
viduals from mosquito attack have been 
concocted on a rather empirical basis until 
recently. Bunker and Hirschfelder (1925) 
set forth the desirable characteristics of 
such substances for personal use and tested 
the effect on mosquitoes of most of the ma¬ 
terials recommended in earlier literature. 
Twenty substances listed in their general 
order of effectiveness were: (1) citronellol, 
(2) caprylic alcohol, (3) benzyl alcohol, 
(4) geranyl acetate, (5) linalyl acetate, 
(6) amyl salicylate, (7) acetophenone, (8) 
oleum picis liquidae rectif actum, (9) 
phenyl-propyl alcohol, (10) Oliver oil, (11) 
citronellal, (12) camphor, (13) vanillin, 
