METHODS DIRECTED AGAINST ADULT MOSQUITOES 
307 
(14) methyl cinnamate, (15) menthol, 
(16) cedarwood oil, (17) citrol, (18) cou- 
marin, (19) beta-naphthol-ethyl ether, 
(20) geraniol. These authors suggested 
that the influence of certain atomic groups 
on insects might act as a guide in the 
search for more effective repellents. Alco¬ 
hols, ketones, and aldehydes were in gen¬ 
eral more efficient than other groups. 
Rudolfs (1926, 1930) studied the response 
of mosquitoes to many of the organic com¬ 
pounds associated with animal and human 
odors and tested a large number of oils, 
solvents and organic compounds as repel¬ 
lents for non-anopheles. Gibson (1935) 
reported tests on several well-known repel¬ 
lent formulae. 
Oil of citronella, one of the most effective 
and popular repellents, was mixed with an 
equal part of olive oil by Cooley and others. 
Freeborn found a mixture of 3 oz oil of 
citronella, 1 oz spirits of camphor, 1 oz tar 
oil, i oz oil of pennyroyal and 4 oz castor 
oil effective against Aedes mosquitoes, and 
Manifold (1939) stated that the British 
army in India, Egypt and Palestine used 
a modification of Dover’s repellent consist¬ 
ing of oil of citronella 18.25 per cent, cam¬ 
phor 1.00 per cent, cedarwood oil 9.00 per 
cent, paraffin duram 26.75 per cent and 
paraffin molle-white 45.00 per cent. Mac- 
Nay (1939) recommended -§ fluid oz oil of 
thyme, 1.0 fluid oz extract of pyrethrum 
(0.2 pound of flowers) and 2 to 3 fluid oz 
castor oil as being effective for 3 to 5 hours 
against Aedes species. 
Granett (1940) gave results of compara¬ 
tive tests of established repellent sub¬ 
stances and a recently developed proprie¬ 
tary synthetic organic chemical mixture 
containing diethylene glycol monobutyl 
ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl 
ether, ethyl alcohol, corn oil and perfume. 
Developed from tests of nearly 1000 com¬ 
pounds and mixtures, this repellent was 
found to be definitely superior to citronella 
and 42 representative proprietary products 
in lasting power and desirable accessory 
properties. 
Deviation 
In Macedonia the investigations of Bar¬ 
ber and Rice (1935), comparing the attrac¬ 
tion to humans of A. elutus and A. maculi- 
pennis varieties typiens and messeae, illus¬ 
trated the necessity of knowing the degree 
to which local anopheline species are 
attracted to animals before judging the 
effectiveness of animal barriers. 
In China, although A. hyrcanus var. 
sinensis Wied. was found to be zoophilous, 
Toumanoff and Hu (1935) judged devia¬ 
tion by animals was not complete. In the 
Philippines, Russell (1934) was unsuccess¬ 
ful in protecting a native house from A. 
minimus var. flavirostris by the use of 
four water buffalos. In Kenya, Symes 
(1930) showed that cattle stabled within 
native dwellings afforded the inhabitants 
little protection from A. gambiae and A. 
funestus. 
In Argentina, precipitin tests by Davis 
and Shannon (1928) showed 50 per cent of 
A. pseudopunctipennis taken in houses to 
have fed on man. In Venezuela, Hill 
found A. albimanus fed on man in large 
numbers and in Puerto Rico precipitin 
tests confirmed observations that A. grab- 
hami preferred animal blood to that of 
man. In Mexico, the majority of A. 
pseudopunctipennis captured in houses in 
Temixco by Vargas (1938) contained 
human blood. 
In Canada, Hearle observed that A. 
maculipennis attacked animals in prefer¬ 
ence to man on the prairies; and in the 
United States, Boyd (1930d) suggested 
(from precipitin tests on blood from 
anopheline stomachs in North Carolina) 
that the nocturnal presence of cattle in the 
vicinity of dwellings was associated with 
reduced malaria and that this was probably 
accomplished by a diversion of A. quadri- 
maculatus from man to cattle. Christ¬ 
ophers and Missiroli (1933) judged that in 
general this use of cattle will be confined 
as a practical measure to conditions where 
the cattle form an integral part of an 
agrarian scheme. Hackett, Russell, Scharff 
and Senior-White (1938) considered devia¬ 
tion the only naturalistic measure showing 
promise of success or worthy of the expen¬ 
diture of public funds. 
