APM 5A FY05 Reports characterizing the relationship between landscape-scale habitat mosaics 
and native fish by wetland type in the Great Lakes (MED). 
APM 6B FY07 Regional models of landscape influence of salmon/native fish in the Pacific 
Northwest and native fish in Great Lake coastal wetlands (WED, MED). 
APM 6D FY08 Interactions between stream nutrients and habitat alteration on water quality and 
aquatic life (WED). 
Benefits of Products 
Research will allow explicit evaluation of human activities at landscape and watershed scales on 
salmon and native fish. This will be of direct benefit to OW, EPA Regions, and an interagency 
effort on salmon restoration. 
Project Title 4, Multiple Stressor Risks to Common Loon and Other Piscivorous Bird 
Populations (cross-listed in Section 7, Toxic Chemicals^ Project B3) 
Project Coordination and Resources (1.5 FTEs) 
AED-1.5, and 6.9 additional FTEs devoted to mercury-loon research described in Section 
7,Toxic Chemicals, project B3. 
Introduction 
This project examines the interactive effects of multiple stressors, including landscape-level 
habitat alteration and mercury, on common loons and other piscivorous bird populations (‘loon 
project’). This project was developed as a case study implementing NHEERL’s WRS (EPA 
2000), and demonstrating an integrated approach to large scale, population-landscape-stressor 
assessments. There are significant habitat components to this project, including evaluating the 
spatial configuration of loon habitat and mercury impacts in the landscape mosaic and the issue 
of scaling up from local to regional impact assessments. Because habitat and toxic chemicals 
issues are integrally linked within the demonstration project, the project is relevant to issues 
within this section, as well those relative to toxic chemicals (Section 7). Therefore, a brief 
description of those elements of the loon project related to the assessment of risks of habitat 
alterations at multiple geographic scales, appears here as project 4. To avoid redundancy, a 
complete description of the project appears in Section 7, project B3. 
Two key research areas, defined within the WRS and described below, reflect the need to 
consider landscape context and scale in order to achieve the scientific and management goals of 
the risk assessment. 
1. Research to Advance Techniques for Assessing the Relative Risk of Chemical and Non¬ 
chemical Stressors on Wildlife Populations. 
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