96 
NYCTALEMON. By Dr. A. Seitz. 
pointed, hindwing with a long broad tail-appendage on veins 2 and 3, and a shorter dent on vein 6. In the 
structure they are very similar to the Alcidis, their shape is somewhat like that of the Papilio, with a very 
strong proboscis, strong legs and a slender abdomen. They are absolutely nocturnal, hiding in dark places by 
day, preferably under the roofs of huts or in dwellings, where they conceal themselves. They sit with their 
wings widely spread, closely appressed to the ground, but are easily roused, whereupon they mostly fly away 
only for a short distance of 8—10 m and conceal themselves again. In doing so they first settle down with 
their heads turned upwards, but then they turn round, until they sit with their heads down flapping their 
wings once more (Mell i. 1.). According to Rebel (i. 1.) they chiefly fly in the evening around blossoming 
trees. Neither Mell nor Ribbe took them often on the light or bait, but according to Ribbe they are frequently 
found on sugared bananas. In the tropics they fly throughout the year, but are much more rarely met with 
in the dry season, and I myself found only at the beginning of winter evidently old specimens. According 
to Mell (i. 1.) the genus does not proceed beyond the tropic in Kwantung. In the tropics Ribbe found them 
especially often during the transition from the wet to the dry season; he believes in different generations and 
presumes (i. 1.) the very great variability of the different forms to be due to the change of the generations. 
The larva, according to Kuehn, is cylindrical, plump, dull yellowish-white, with red-brown head and 
feet. Upper surface with numerous irregular though symmetrical spots which are accumulated on the 
5th, 6th, and 10th rings; some species are also of a light greenish colouring. In running it continually spins 
threads, and young larvae may also in cases of danger drop from a branch by means of a thread (Ribbe). 
Pupa on the ground in a cocoon mixed with saliva between leaves that have been tightly spun together. The 
imago appears, in the hot season, after about two weeks. 
patroclus. N. patroclus L. (= patroclaria Hbn.) (69 a) is one of the smaller and lighter earth-brown forms, the 
band on the forewing quite straight, in the more, in the $ less intensely dusted with brown. From South 
China, where, however, the species is by far less common than in India proper, to the south through Indo¬ 
china to Malacca; also found in Java and reported from Amboina; most of the specimens from this island, 
achillaria. however, are to be reckoned to achillaria Hbn. ( = patroclus Or. nec L .) (69 b) in which the stripe on the $ 
forewing is much broader, but never purely white. On the whole also larger sized, but otherwise extremely 
similar to typical patroclus', the apical portion of the fore wing is here likewise distinctly brightened up before 
goldiei. the margin. — In the Papuan district the species is continued in a considerably darker form: goldiei Dcr. 
macleayi. (69 b) which may be synonymous with the somewhat more blackish-brown macleayi Montr., reported from 
Woodlark. Here the ground of the wings above is deep dark brown, so that the stripe on the forewing 
dihitus. brightly shines forth white. — dilutus Rob. Light ground-colour. On the forewing the median band is narrow, 
dingy white, terminating at % inner margin. Behind it a diffuse brownish-grey band, 10 mm broad, posteriorly 
velutinus. broader. Besides a submarginal parted band, somewhat darker. Eastern Celebes. — velutinus Rob. Ground¬ 
colour chocolate brown. The white band 2 mm broad, brownish, ending near the inner angle. Submarginal 
band less conspicuous. Costal margin intensely spotted black. Band of hindwing 1 mm broad, almost extinct. 
muiata. Goram. — mutata Btlr. (71 a), from the Salomons Is., is scarcely of a darker ground-colour than the typical 
patroclus, but the marginal area in both wings is less brightened, so that — especially in the $ — the small 
dark splashes are less distinctly outlined. Butler states the transverse stripe to be broader than in typical 
patroclus and in goldiei, but this statement is wrong, since its width varies very much individually, particularly 
in typical patroclus, whilst in mutata this stripe is more remote from the margin, especially in the hindwing; 
kotzenbergi. but this is neither quite constant, mutata is very frequently taken to be a “distinct species”. — kotzenbergi 
Pfeiff. (69 a), from Tenimber, is the quite similarly darkened form of achillaria, the relation of which to goldiei 
is like that of typical patroclus to achillaria, though it is especially large and strong. The white stripe on the 
forewing is here very much broader, particularly in the $ in which also the stripe on the hindwing is much 
lighter though not purely white as in menoetuis-Q. As in goldiei, also in kotzenbergi the white stripe on the 
forewing is somewhat distally remote towards the inner margin. 
ulysses. N. ulysses Pfeiff. (71 a), from Key I. Here the band of the fore wing begins, as in mutata, before the centre 
of the wing and is slightly bent towards the margin in the first two thirds, but shortly before the tornus it is 
reverted towards the base. The band of the hindwing begins nearer at the base of the wing, straight as far as the 
albiapicalis. middle, then curved towards the anal angle, thus reversely compared with patroclus. In the form albiapicalis 
docile. Pfeiff., from Manila, the apex of the forewing is white also above. — The name docile Btlr. refers to particularly 
large specimens which, however, almost invariably exhibit a less speckled apical portion of the hindwing and, 
as the following species, slightly prolonged tails. 
menoetius. N. menoetius Hpffr. (= hector Wkr., longicaudus Schauf.) (70 a) especially differs from the preceding 
species in the stripe of the forewing extending medianly and almost parallel to the margin. In most of the 
forms belonging hereto the under surface is less densely speckled brown and generally also of a paler ground- 
colour. The range is similar to that of patroclus', from Southern China across India to the southernmost part 
zampa. of Malacca and to the east as far as the Philippines. — zampa Btlr. ( = patroclus Dury nec L.) (70 a) is a 
continental form from North India, on both sides rather purely dark brown, both the posterior and anterior 
tails of the hindwing relatively long; transverse stripe in both wings almost to the middle removed basad, in both 
