444 
CYCLIDIA. By W. Warren. 
Of the early stages of Indo-Australian species we know very little on the whole. In Europe, where 
some Depranidae, such as Drep. cultraria, lacertinaria, binaria, are in some places very common, we neither 
notice the larvae very frequently, since they mostly live on trees and besides temporarily remain hidden in 
a case of leaves. The Cyclidiinae seem to have normally shaped larvae, whereas the Drepaninae exhibit the 
changed larval shape described in Vol. II, p. 199. The posture somewhat recalls that of the larva of a Di- 
cranura, hut the anal end terminates in but one point. The last thoracal or the first abdominal rings fre¬ 
quently exhibit protuberances or stings; in Teldenia the 3rd ring shows a pin-like point. The pupa rests in 
a leaf spun all round; some pupae exhibit a bluish bloom. The imagines are often met with in India through¬ 
out the year, and in daytime they are mostly difficult to discover owing to their protective colour. Many 
have the colouring of a small dry leaf, and the deception is still increased by hyaline spots representing holes, 
or by abnormal shapes bearing a striking resemblance to shrinks in the dry leaf. Such abnormities of the shape 
are exhibited for instance in the Canucha the forewings of which look as if they had been cut off with the 
scissors. In Leucoblepsis excisa the distal margin of the forewing, and in Thymistada tripunctata (50 b) and rufa 
(50 1») also the hindwing at the anal angle look as if they were gnawed; in Hyalospectra grisea (48 d) and hyali- 
costa the wings appear to be perforated, in Albara specularia (49 h) and A. perhamata (49 f) we notice a co¬ 
louring found on dry leaves that have been washed out and discoloured by water. Certain Cyclidiinae such as 
Macrocilix maia (48 b) look exactly like bird-droppings, and others again such as Drapetodes matulata (= obli- 
quifasciata, 48 i), Drapetodes fratercula (48 i), and Phalacra vulhisara (48 g), when at rest, exhibit such a pecu¬ 
liar attitude that our eyes only notice a formation difficult to explain. Real mimicry, however, does not occur; 
some resemblances, such as exhibited by Spica luteola (50 d) with a habitus quite dissimilar to the family, 
looking almost like a Xanthia citrago at first sight, are of course only accidental and as superficial as those 
with the Geometrids. 
,,The Drepanidae form a group of moths with broad wings partly bearing a striking resemblance to 
certain Geometrids; they also copy their habit of resting during the day with their wings spread out on the 
underside of leaves. In most of the genera the apex of the fore wing is falciformly extended, from which 
the name is derived, but in many also both wings are rounded; it will be found that in the Indo- 
Australian species the shape of the wings varies much more than in the palearctic species. Among the 
special marks, the shortness of the antennae and the feeble development of the proboscis and palpi must 
be mentioned. The head is broad and smoothly scaled like the thorax and abdominal dorsum. Dr. Strand, 
in his treatise on the palearctic species, divides the family into two subfamilies, Eucherinae (which I change 
into Cyclidiinae ) and Drepaninae, which division I agree with; in certain points the former seem to be nearer 
to the Geometrids than the Drepaninae are, but in both the subfamilies vein 7 of the hindwing rises before 6 
and approximates vein 8 or anastomoses with it. The only families exhibiting a similar structure of the sub¬ 
costal veins on the hindwing are the Thyrididae, the Cymatophoridae, and the Pyralididae, and with the two 
latter some Drepanidae might easily be confounded; the Thyrididae could be distinguished by their marking. 
The larvae live freely on trees and shrubs, pupating in convolute leaves, and the autumnal breed spends winter 
in such casings. Externally they vary to a great extent; some, such as the Platypteryx, are shorter with a 
large head, and the anal segments are transformed into a kind of upturned tail; others resemble more the 
Geometric! larvae and are longer and thinner, with thickened anterior segments; several species have two 
generations (in warmer latitudes perhaps all), and the generations are somewhat different, as for instance 
in the common Cilix glaucatus ScopP (Warren). 
I. Subfamily: Cyc*li«lmiae nom. nov. 
Characterised by the long, stout, upturned palpi, by the oblique, rarely angular discocellular from 
the centre of which vein 5 rises, and by the larva invariably showing 16 feet. 
1. Genus: Cyclitlia Gn. *) 
Proboscis present; palpi stout, before the face stretched upwards; antennae short, stout, with lamellae; 
legs short, stout; middle tibiae with one, hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs; chest feebly woolly; wings broad; 
*) In Hubner’s List (p. 350) the genus Euchera is defined as follows: ,,both wings streaked and margined with 
mottled brown 1 ', and the following three species are enumerated as belonging to it: No. 2943 Euchera cunicaria = cunica Cr. 
257 G ; No. 2944 E. hesperaria = hesperio Cr. 251 B. A.; No. 2945 E. cenidaria - cenis Cr. 147 E. Thus cunica Cr. is the type 
of Euchera Hhn. List. 
But in Hubner’s Additions III, p. 29 (fig. 519, 520) we find substigmaria Him. ranged with the genus Euchera, and 
this species was regarded as the type of Euchera Hbn. But Hubner himself quotes the List, on the same page 29 of his 
..Additions 11 , Cent. Ill, saying that he has quite forgotten to enclose Cramer’s Vesulia in Euchera ; nor is substigmaria 
of his ..Additions 11 mentioned here; therefore, whatever doubts there may exist as to the priority of the List or of the 
Cent. Ill of his Additions, it is almost certain that the 29th page of the 3rd Cent, of his Additions was written, after 
the type from page 305 of his List had been established; and the application of cunica Cr. as the type of Euchera Hbn. (List) 
must exclude the application of substigmaria Hbn. as the type of Euchera Hbn. Additions, which is to be replaced by GrUENEES 
Cyclidia, and the subfamily must be called Cyclidiinae. 
