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disturbances, journeyed across the Kalahari Desert, and established themselves 
in the Barutse country. 1 When Livingstone reached Tete on his journey back 
to the East Coast in 1856 he left behind at that place the so-called Makololo 
(about 25 in number), who had followed him from the Upper Zambezi. On 
his return in 1858 he picked them up again and added to their numbers several 
others who followed him of their own free will on his second visit to the 
Barutse country. 
These men were very useful to his expedition in exploring the River 
Shire, and were of a masterful nature, easily imposing themselves as superior 
beings on the timid Mananja people of the Central Shire. When Dr. 
Livingstone had to leave the country, anxious to put a check on the 
depredations of the Yao coming from the east, and the Angoni coming from 
the west, he armed these Makololo, and left them behind to protect the 
Mananja natives. The result was that they very soon constituted themselves 
the chiefs of that country, and they subsequently played a most important 
part in checking the advances of the Yao and the Angoni, and in sturdily 
resisting any attempts on the part of the Portuguese to conquer the Shire 
countries. 
In 1874 Mr. Faulkner, who was one of the party accompanying Lieut. 
Young, R.N., returned to the Shire as a hunter of big game. He was, I 
believe, eventually killed by the natives. He had a son by a native wife 
who now bears his name, and who was the first half-caste, so far as we know, 
born in the Protectorate. 
Livingstone’s death caused a tremendous enthusiasm to spring up for the 
continuation of his work as a Missionary and as an Explorer. Cameron 
completed Burton’s and Livingstone’s map of Lake Tanganyika ; Stanley, at 
the expense of the Daily Telegraph, continued the exploration of the Congo 
from Nyangwe, where Livingstone had left it, to the Atlantic Ocean ; but in 
Nyasaland proper Livingstone’s work was immediately continued by the Scotch 
Missionaries. The Livingstonia Free Church Mission was founded in 1S74 
and sent out its first party of Missionaries with a small steamer in sections, 
for Lake Nyasa, in 1875. They were joined, in 1876, by the Pioneers of 
the Church of Scotland Mission, who chose the site of the present town of 
Blantyre, and established themselves in the Shire Highlands, while the Free 
Church applied itself to the evangelisation of Lake Nyasa. It is interesting 
to note that the leader of the first Missionary expedition — Dr. Laws — who 
went out in 1875, and the engineer of the first Mission steamer placed on 
Lake Nyasa (the Ilala , which is still plying), Mr. A. C. Simpson, are still alive 
and well, and hard at work in Nyasaland, the one as a senior member of the 
Mission he has served so devotedly for twenty-one years, and the other as a 
prosperous planter at Mlanje. 
Shortly after the Church of Scotland Mission had established itself at 
Blantyre, a young gardener, named John Buchanan, was sent from Scotland to 
assist the Mission in horticulture. 2 
In 1878 Captain Frederick Elton had been appointed Consul at Mozambique, 
and had obtained permission to conduct an expedition to Lake Nyasa to report 
1 Barutse is stated to be derived from “Bahurutse” the name of another of the Bechuana septs 
These Bechuana emigrants who sometimes called themselves the Makololo had conquered the Barutse 
country, from its native chiefs of Baloi race. But as a matter of fact these famous Makololo porters who 
have played such a part in the history of Nyasaland were very few of them of Bechuana blood. Many of 
them were slaves of Baloi, or kindred races of the Upper Zambezi. 
2 He was the means of introducing and planting the coffee shrub in Central Africa. 
