^ 7 S' A 
RELATION OF PHILOSOPHY TO PSYCHOLOGY. 21 
1884, entitled “ The Psychical Relation of Man to Animals,” 
I tried to show in what consists the essential difference be¬ 
tween man and animals in those psychical phenomena in 
which they seem to approach most nearly: (1) In speech, 
between the imitative speech of parrots and very young 
children and the rational speech of man, which in fact com¬ 
mences only at about three years of age. (2) In art, between 
the empirical constructive art of animals and the rational, 
indefinitely progressive art of man. (8) In fine art, between 
the so-called music of birds and the real music characteristic 
of man. (4) In the realm of thought, between the intelli¬ 
gence of animals and the reason of man—the precepts of the 
one always associated with things and the concepts of the 
other abstracted from things. (5) In the imagination of 
animals (e. g., in dreams), reproducing only past experiences, 
and the creative imagination of man, using the materials of 
experience, but combining them so as to make wholly orig¬ 
inal pictures. (6) In the consciousness of animals— i. e., con¬ 
sciousness of the external world, and the self-consciousness, 
or consciousness of the internal world of ideas, characteristic 
of man. (7) In the volition of animals, determined by ex¬ 
ternal conditions, and the self-determined will, the free 
moral choice, and therefore moral responsibility, character¬ 
istic of man. I tried to show that the differences in all these 
are of similar order, and all are the necessary result of and 
completely explained by my view of the origin of spirit by 
gradual evolution through the animal series and its birth 
into a higher world in man. 
ILLUSTRATED BY MEMORY. 
In order to explain more fully what I mean, and also as a 
fitting introduction to the subject now in hand, I will take 
one more example, viz., that of memory. I take this because 
there is no faculty of mind more fundamentally important, 
and yet none which seems at first sight more absolutely 
identical in man and in animals. Now, I believe that ani¬ 
mals have no memory at all in the sense in which we know 
