RELATION OF PHILOSOPHY TO PSYCHOLOGY. 
23 
bad, is capable of education, and yet, although habits then 
acquired may continue to influence conduct throughout life, 
we know by introspection that memory as a history of self 
does not reach so far back. There was as yet no conscious¬ 
ness of self, no concept of time, nor of events occurring in 
time or constituting a history. The child’s life was strictly 
animal. We could never know this by observation of chil¬ 
dren, but only by introspection of ourselves. 
Thus there are two kinds of memory (if we must call it 
so) as there two kinds of consciousness, will, thought, imag¬ 
ination, indeed of every faculty of the mind, which are re¬ 
lated to each other as shadow and substance, or better, as 
embryo and child. The one is a change in the brain; the 
other a change in the ego. As there are two kinds of con¬ 
sciousness, viz., animal consciousness, or consciousness of ex¬ 
ternal phenomena, and self-consciousness, or consciousness of 
internal phenomena, so there are two kinds of memory, viz., 
animal memory, or a reviving of past feelings by repetition 
of external conditions, and self-memory, or memory as a 
history of the ego .* 
FULLER EXPLANATION. 
This point is so fundamental that I must stop to explain 
if possible more fully. In any case of animal action there 
are a number of changes in connected series : 1. Impression 
on a nerve-terminal; 2. Transmission centripetally along a 
sensory fiber; 3. Changes in a sensory brain-cell; 4. Trans¬ 
mission by a connecting fiber to a motor brain-cell; 5. 
Changes in the motor brain-cell; 6. Transmission centrifu- 
gally along a motor fiber; 7. Muscular contraction deter¬ 
mining changes in the external world. This is all. It is true 
* There are in fact three or four degrees of memory, although only those 
above mentioned are usually called memory.: (1) Unconscious or organic 
memory, such as the tendencies of growth in the embryo, inherited from 
ancestral history. (2) Conscious memory of animals. There are two de¬ 
grees of this: (a) instincts or inherited habits; (6) acquired habits, the 
result of individual experience. (3) Self-conscious memory, or history of 
the ego. 
