RELATION OF PHILOSOPHY TO PSYCHOLOGY. 
25 
and definitely back on the external world only. In man 
spirit is wide awake and conscious of self. It deliberates 
whether to respond or not and how it will respond. It may 
decide (1) not to respond at all, or (2) to respond, not by de¬ 
termining external changes, but by free activities within its 
own interior world; or (3) it may act freely within its own 
sphere without external stimulus; or (4) it may freely ini¬ 
tiate changes in the external world without any stimulus 
from without. 
Thus plants are unconscious of any world, animals are 
conscious of the external world only. Man is conscious of 
the external world like animals, but also of the internal, 
spiritual world ; or again, in animals physiological changes 
are the cause of psychical phenomena. In man, very often, 
only the same, but often also, in addition, psychic changes 
are the cause of physical phenomena. In animals the whole 
series begins and terminates externally. In man it may 
begin either externally or internally. In God it always be¬ 
gins internally, for all natural phenomena have their cause 
in the Divine mind. Thus man partakes both of the animal 
and of the Divine nature. 
SUBJECT-MATTER OF PHILOSOPHY LIMITED TO MAN. 
Now, philosophy, according to my view, commences right 
here, in this highest order of phenomena. It is the science 
of the ego , the science of awakened spirit—of free, active 
spirit. All else that is usually treated by mental philoso¬ 
phers belongs for the present to psychology, but may, per¬ 
haps, eventually be claimed by physiology ; for it is, at least, 
more allied to this department than it is to what I have called 
philosophy. If, for the present, we make here three depart¬ 
ments—as, for the present, I suppose we must—then all the 
realm of mere life belongs to pl^siolog}^ all the realm of 
conscious life to psychology, and all the realm of self-con¬ 
scious life to philosophy ; or, to put it another way, all 
the phenomena determined by mere life-force belongs to 
physiology, all the phenomena determined by that higher 
