RELATION OF PHILOSOPHY TO PSYCHOLOGY. 35 
perhaps, but not therefore underived. On the contrary, I 
believe chemical force, under new and now unimaginable 
conditions, became vital force. As time went on and condi¬ 
tions became favorable, among these vital phenomena there 
suddenly appeared, how we know not, nor can even imagine, 
but somehow there appeared consciousness, will, feelings, 
desires—a new kind of force—psychic—a new and peculiar 
group of phenomena, furnishing material for anew science, 
psychology. Suddenly, I said, but not therefore underived. 
On the contrary, under certain conditions, vital force became 
psychic force. Time went on, ages upon ages passed, dur¬ 
ing which the psyche or animal soul took on higher and 
higher forms, simulating even reason itself, until finally, 
when the time was fully ripe and conditions favorable, sud¬ 
denly—how we do not know', nor can we w r ell imagine, but 
somehow—there appeared self-conscious, free spirit. Sud¬ 
denly—from the very nature of the case it could not be other¬ 
wise than suddenly, but not therefore underived. On the 
contrary, the psyche became free spirit. By gradual devel¬ 
opment its birth-time came, and it was horn into a new and 
higher world, the spiritual and immortal. 
Now, that all these forces are really of derivitive origin is 
proved by the fact that we see every step of this process taking 
place now daily under our very eyes. I pass over the con¬ 
version of physical into chemical force because this is ad¬ 
mitted on all hands. I begin therefore with vital force. In 
the green leaves of plants we see every day physical changed 
into chemical and chemical into vital force. Sunlight fall¬ 
ing on green leaves disappears as light and reappears as life— 
is consumed in doing the work of decomposing C0 2 H 2 0 and 
N H 3 —and the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen thus 
set free from previous combination unite to form living pro¬ 
toplasm.* Again, in the embryonic history of every animal 
* The origin of vital from chemical force in the green leaves of plants 
cannot be doubted, but this does not, of course, explain the first origin of 
life on the earth ; for one condition of the change now is the contact of 
living matter. 
6-Bull. Phil. Soe., Wash., Vol. 12. 
