82 
KEITH. 
C 200 feet of limestone rest on the middle sandstone; south 
of G 1,200 feet of limestone rest on the upper quartzite. Thus 
there is a range of contact of 1,500 feet between the two sec¬ 
tions—500 feet in the Chilhowee beds and 1,000 feet in the 
limestone. 
(4) At the southwest end of the cove the limestone dips 
beneath the surface and the red shale is in contact with the 
upper quartzite. Here, therefore, the limestone is lower 
than the quartzite. The reverse is shown in the northeast 
end of the cove, where the limestone lies above the quartzite 
and dips away from it. 
(5) At Little River Gap the two series are discordant in 
strike by 50° and in dip by 40° for a considerable distance. 
Excepting the two outcrops cited, there are no evidences of 
transition between Chilhowee and the limestone. Each for¬ 
mation is uniform up to the contact line, and the boundaries 
are sharp. 
(6) As the limestone and red shale are an interbedded 
series, the equivalent of one is the equivalent of the other 
also. In considering, therefore, the deposit of limestone and 
Chilhowee as contemporaneous, the red shale must be ac¬ 
counted for. The red shale is nearly as distinct from the 
Chilhowee shales as the limestone and has no equivalent in 
the Chilhowee formation. A few thin layers of red shale 
occur, but they are in the bottom bed of Chilhowee, the con¬ 
glomerate, and far below the limestone. The 1,000 feet of 
red shale in the cove are ripple-marked mud deposits, while 
the Chilhowee sandstones are clean and pure offshore de¬ 
posits. It scarcely seems possible that such diverse beds 
should coexist within half a mile without modifying each 
other. 
(7) Finally, the thickness of limestone, 1,500 feet, exceeds 
that of the eroded sandstone, 1,200 feet. As limestone is a 
rock of slow accumulation, probably two or three times as 
slow as sandstone, the time needed to deposit this 1,500 feet 
of limestone is very much greater than that needed to deposit 
the sandstone. In fact, the period required for the 1,000 feet 
