352 
BAKER. 
and studied by one or several people at once and not so 
large as to destroy their unity. They could be grasped as a 
whole. 
Two motives have here combined to produce reliefs of 
moderate size, viz., effectiveness and cost. Both of these 
tend in the same direction. Large models are expensive. 
From motives of economy, therefore, models of relatively 
small size have been the rule, and an examination of the 
very large models shows that this is a fortunate circumstance, 
since the comparatively small relief map is, other things 
being equal, the better one. 
Vertical Exaggeration .—The vertical exaggeration in a 
model is the ratio of the vertical scale to the horizontal 
scale. Makers of relief maps have differed widely in the 
amount of such exaggeration. Formerly there was a tend¬ 
ency to exaggerate very much; the present tendency is to¬ 
ward the least possible exaggeration; and the questions 
which to me seem worth considering are, What degree of 
vertical exaggeration should be adopted in any particular 
case? What principles, if any, can be found that will aid 
in determining the appropriate exaggeration ? 
In endeavoring to discover such principles it is assumed 
that the model is made for the purpose of presenting a true 
topographic picture as accurate and as pleasing as possible. 
For general or educational purposes this is the object aimed 
at. We wish to show the surface form accurately and at¬ 
tractively. Flat country should look flat in the model and 
rough country should look rough. If a model of a flat State 
like Illinois shows a rough surface the picture presented by 
our model is not a true one. There is too great exaggera¬ 
tion. If a model of the mountainous state of Colorado looks 
flat or smooth too little exaggeration has been used. If we 
model Colorado with so much vertical exaggeration that its 
great mountain masses look like stalagmites these will not 
in anywise simulate the real mountain masses and will thus 
prove misleading. They are neither true nor attractive 
miniatures. There is too much vertical exaggeration. 
Pike’s peak, Long’s peak, and the Spanish peaks do not 
