CLIMATE OF THE VALLEY OF THE HUDSON. 
23 
without an exception, the thermometer has fallen there lower than the average of the 
State, generally from 3° to 6° ; and over 5° on an average lower than at Albany. Kinder- 
hook is nearly as remarkable for its extreme cold in winter. These remarks must be 
understood as applying only to the hottest and coldest days in each year, and not to the 
average of the seasons. The latter I have not had time to examine. 
The climate indicated by the observations at Mount Pleasant in Westchester county, 
resembles in all respects that on the west end of Long Island, and appears to be subject 
to the same influences. 
North-Salem, like Kinderhook and Lansingburgh, appears to be subject to great extremes 
of heat and cold, considering its latitude and situation. It is remarkable for its early frosts, 
which for twelve years past have occurred there ten days sooner than the average of the 
State, and more than a fortnight sooner than in the valley of the Hudson generally. 
As we ascend the Hudson, the opening of spring becomes gradually later, the difference 
between the vicinity of New-York and Albany being about a week. North-Salem, Goshen 
and Montgomery being situated at some distance from the river, vegetation seems to be no 
more forward at those places than at Hudson, which is nearly one hundred miles farther 
north. 
The observations at Cambridge, Salem and Granville, indicate a climate of entirely 
different character in most respects. From their greater elevation as well as higher latitude, 
the climate becomes more rigid. The extreme cold of winter is more intense by 10° than 
at any place on the Hudson south of Lansingburgh, and the spring opens several days 
later. 
III. THE VALLEY OF THE MOHAWK. 
Localities observed. Schenectady, Johnstown, Canajoharie, Fairfield, Utica, Whitesborough. 
TABLE I. Comparison between calculated and observed temperatures. 
LOCALITIES. 
Number of 
years 
obseived. 
Latitude. 
Elevation. 
Temperature 
due to latitude 
and elevation 
Observed 
temperature. 
Variation of 
observed from 
calculated 
temperature. 
Schenectady . 
5 
42° 48' 
f200ft. 
47°l45 
46°. 48 
— 0°.67 
11 
43 00 
45.19 
Canajoharie . 
3 
42 53 
284 
47.08 
45.48 
— 1.60 
Fairfield. 
13 
43 05 
1185 
44.20 
43.51 
— 0.69 
Utica. 
17 
43 06 
473 
46.20 
45.49 
— 0.71 
Whitesborough. 
7 
43 08 
450 
46.21 
45,59 
— 0.62 
t Elevation estimated. 
