132 
CHAMPLAIN DIVISION. 
below the drift sand and clays of the valley ; and as the slates are absent, or distant two 
miles at least, we may also infer that the waters do not originate in them, but probably 
are connected with or rise out of the fault or fracture which has been already described. 
I made many careful observations on the temperature of all these springs, which I deem 
proper to insert in this place. 
The temperature of Congress spring was__ 50° Depth 12 feet. 
Washington .. 
_ 49 
.. 22 
Hamilton 
_ 49 
.. 16 
Putnam 
_ 49 
.. 20 
Pavilion 
. 48i 
.. 38 
Flatrock 
_ 50 
.. 14 
Highrock 
- 511 
8 
Iodine 
_ 50 
7 
The Pavilion spring constantly overflows, and resembles a boiling fountain, from the 
rapid rise and escape of carbonic acid. Putnam spring rises out of sand. Washington 
spring rises out of a blue clay and pebbles : this is ferruginous. 
One mile northeast from the springs whose temperatures I have just given, are ten other 
springs, whose general character is the same. The temperature is as follows : 
Brook spring_ 51° 
Union .. _ 51 
Jackson .. _ 56 
Twins .. _ 58 
The five remaining springs are too much exposed, and open to the incursion of rain¬ 
water, so that observations are of no consequence. The Union spring is equal to the 
Congress for drinking. Jackson and the Twins are much exposed to variation of tempe¬ 
rature, in consequence of their unprotected state. These ten springs are in a deeper part 
of the valley, which is filled with blue clay that has been bored into to the depth of eighty 
feet without reaching its bottom ; still it is not improbable that all these springs are directly 
connected with fractures of the upper cluster of springs, but issue from it at certain points 
which prevent their reaching the surface immediately. 
In addition to the springs already noticed, there are two others of fresh water situated a 
little to the west of the main valley, whose temperatures are 49° ; and a well near by, 
with temperature of 48° : these are shaded and protected from the direct influence of 
external heat. Good water, in this neighborhood, is readily obtained by wells at the 
depth only of sixteen or eighteen feet. 
An interesting fact which can not escape the notice of the most careless observer, is, that 
these springs, though situated very near each other, and probably having one common 
origin, yet differ very materially in composition. Perhaps it may be said that this very 
difference disproves the assumption of their common origin. It may be so : still the cir¬ 
cumstances, upon the whole, go to prove that they are connected with the fault; and if 
so, the assumption does not militate against any fact or principle. 
