PAPILIO. By Dr. G. Aurivillius. 
IB 
the different districts of the Ethiopian Region appear as different (geographical) races. There exist consequently a 
number of different forms more or less intergrading with one another which probably are best regarded as all 
belonging to a single species. The greater number of the female forms are excellent „mimics“ of Danaids and 
Acraeids. This similarity is certainly an undeniable fact, but whether it can be scientifically explained only by the 
current Mimicry theory must be regarded as very doubtful, if we wish to be impartial. This question has the 
widest biological bearings and therefore deserves to be investigated and tested from all points of view. A com- 
presensive investigation of the forms of the Dardanus Group and their development in different districts of the 
Ethiopian Region will certainly be of the greatest importance and scientific interest, and is urgently recommended 
to all those who are in a position to take it up. — Larva with two short horns on the first and last segment; 
segments 3—5 broader and thicker than the others; the body in consequence gradually narrowing both anteriorly 
and posteriorly; on the 8. segment a small eye-spot. The pupa much thickened in the middle; sharply keeled above, 
beneath and at the sides; the horns on the head are parallel, placed close together and curved towards the back, 
mesothorax moderately raised, much as in P. machaon ; abdomen without humps. 
P, dardanus. cf: wings above with light ground-colour, costal margin of the forewing black as 
far as the cell and vein 10, apex and distal margin broadly black, usually with yellow submarginal spot 
only in cellule 7. Hindwing always unicolorous pale yellow to beyond the cell, then either only with black 
spots at the costal margin and the anal angle, or with a broad black marginal band, which encloses large 
submarginal spots of the ground-colour. The black markings of the upper surface are rusty brown or 
black-brown beneath and the hindwing has three brown lines in the cell and rusty brown streaks on the 
folds. — The oldest-known local race, dardanus Brown (2a), occurs in West Africa from Sierra Leone to dardanus. 
Angola and Uganda. In the cf (= merope Cr.) the black transverse band of the hindwing is never 
continuous and the tail is either unicolorous yellow or has only a black longitudinal line; the fringes and 
the marginal spots of the hindwing are pale yellow like the ground-colour. The females are always tailless. 
As females belong here ¥-f. hippocoon F. (2 b), in which all the markings are pure white and the hippocoon. 
marginal band of the hindwing almost reaches the cell: ¥-f. heimsi Stiff'., which only differs by a narrower heimsi. 
marginal band on the hindwing; ¥-f. nioboides Auriv., in which the basal part of the hindwing is yellow nioboides. 
but the markings of the forewing white; ?-f. trophonissa Auriv. (2c), in which both the basal part of the trophonissa. 
hindwing and the hindmarginal spot of the forewing are reddish yellow, but the subapical band of the 
forewing pure white: ¥-f. benio Suff., in which the basal part of the hindwing and the hindmarginal spot benio. 
of the forewing are pale yellow, but the subapical band white; and ?-f. niobe Auriv., in which all the niobe. 
markings are reddish yellow to brick-red. All these forms are quite similarly marked except that in 
trophonissa the hindmarginal spot of the forewing also covers a part of the cell; in all of them cellule 3 of 
the forewing is unicolorous black. In a seventh female form of West Africa, ¥-f. dionysus DM. & Hew., dionysus. 
cellule 3 of the forewing also has a white spot which unites the subapical band and the hindmarginal spot 
into a large wdiite area which also covers a great part of the cell; the basal part of the hindwing in this 
form is gold-yellow. — In South Africa, from Gape Colony to Delagoa, occurs the race cenea Stoll. Both cenea. 
sexes are smaller on the average than specimens from West Africa. In the cf the black transverse band 
of the hindwing is usually broad and continuous, the tail black with yellow apex or yellow apical spots 
and the fringes ochre-yellow to rust-yellow, darker than the ground-colour; the cell of the forewing is 
narrowly black along the costal margin. The ¥¥ have rounded, tailless hindwings. The nymotypical ¥¥ differ 
from all others in that the light spot in cellule 1 b is entirely or almost entirely absent, as well as the discal 
spot in cellule 5; the basal part of the hindwing is more or less yellowish, the spots of the forewing are usually 
yellowish, but sometimes white, this being the case in $-f. acene Suff. (2b). In ¥-f. cephonius Hopff. the light acene. 
discal spot 5 of the hmdwing is present and forms with spots 4 and 6 a yellow subapical band. A fourth cephonius. 
form, ¥-f. hippocoonoides Haase (2b), is marked like hippocoon, but has a narrower marginal band on the hippo- 
hindwing, sharply defined proximally, short or absent streaks between the veins and a smaller subapical coonoides. 
band on the hindwing. The ¥-f. trophonius Westw. only differs from trophonissa in that the marginal band troplionius. 
of the hindwing is narrower, the streaks between the veins on the hindwing are short or absent and the 
cell of the forewing is not red at the hindmargin. — In East Africa, from Delagoa Bay to British East 
Africa, is found the race tibullus Kirby (2 a). The c?cf scarcely differ from the cfcf of cenea and intergrade tibullus. 
into this form in the south without any sharp boundary-line; the fringes of the hindwing are pale yellow 
like the ground-colour, not rust-yellow. As aberrations belong here cf-ab. macuiatus Suff., in which the maculatus. 
forewing has also a pale yellow submarginal spot in cellules lb—6, and cf-ab. discopunctatus Suff., disco- 
in which the forewing has a black streak at the end of the cell. The tailless ¥ approximates very closely punctatus. 
to the ¥-f. hippocoonoides, but has a larger apical band on the forewing and the streaks between the veins 
on the hindwing are short or entirely absent. The ¥-f. saiaami Suff. corresponds to the West African salaami. 
¥-f. niobe and has all the markings yellow to brick-red. — In the high-lying districts of the interior of 
German and British East Africa, at the south and east sides of the Victoria Nyanza as far as Kavirondo, 
occurs a fourth local race, polytrophus B. & J. (= boosi Suff.). The csV agree to some extent with the polytrophus. 
cfcf from West Africa, but are smaller and are distinguished by the large black spot in cellule lb of the 
hindwing enclosing a distinct pale yellow spot. The ¥¥ are tailless, but otherwise so variable that one 
might think that all the ¥¥-forms of dardanus had met together in this neighbourhood. The ¥-f. 
