PIERIS. By Dr. Aurivillius. 
39 
— contracta Btlr., ef, is on an average somewhat larger than the type-form, with the marginal band on the contractu. 
upperside of the forewing more weakly developed; the marginal spots on the underside of both wings and 
the upperside of the hindwing are usually entirely absent; the forewing beneath slightly yellowish at the 
base. British East Africa and Equatoria. 
6. Genus; Schrank. 
The palpi project beyond the head and are anteriorly clothed with long, stiff hairs; the terminal joint 
is as long as or longer than the second and pointed. The antennae have a distinct, often knob-shaped club. 
The wings are usually broad and have a white, rarely yellow ground-colour. The precostal vein of the hind¬ 
wing is curved distad. The forewing has only 11 or 10 veins, as vein 9 is always absent and sometimes 
also vein 8 aborted; vein 6 always arises beyond the apex of the cell from the stalk of 7 and 8; vein 1 1 is 
sometimes united soon after its origin with vein 12, forming a closed basal cell. Pieris is at once distin¬ 
guished from Appias by the obliquely placed and almost straight cliscocellular of the forewing. 
The differences in neuration, by which it has been attempted to divide this extensive genus into several, 
are either not constant or intergrade so gradually that sharp and natural dividing-lines cannot be drawn. 
The Ethiopian Region possesses numerous species, some of which are still insufficiently known, especially 
as regards their females. 
The early stages are only known of two African species. The larva is fine-haired and almost cylindrical 
with small head. Pupa slender, posteriorly much narrowed, with a more or less raised dorsal line and a line 
on each side of the first three abdominal segments; head with sharp point; a small protuberance on the 
middle of the mesothorax and at each side of the second abdominal segment. 
The Ethiopian species may be divided into four groups, which are easy to distinguish from the following 
synopsis: 
Synopsis of the Groups. 
A. Vein 8 of the forewing always present and little or not at all shorter than vein 7, with which it 
forms a fork. 
a) The forewing beneath usually with black marginal spots at the extremities of the veins and also 
with black submarginal spots in cellules 3—6 and 8; the marginal and submarginal spots are 
usually united into a light-spotted marginal band, occasionally they are completely separated 
and still more rarely the marginal spots are altogether absent, in which latter case, however, 
the submarginal spots are united into a transverse band placed between the costal margin 
and vein 3. — Belenois Hbn. Calypso Group. 
b) The forewing beneath either without marginal and submarginal spots or only with small marginal 
spots; rarely there are also 1—4 quite free submarginal spots, of which the one in cellule 3 is 
sometimes large and deep black, especially in the ?. — Pinacopteryx Wallengr. Pigea Group. 
B. Vein 8 of the forewing is either entirely absent or very short, much less than half the length of 
vein 7. The middle discocellular of both wings much shorter than the lower. 
a) The hindwing beneath with green or greenish spots and streaks. — Synchloe Hbn. Daplidice Group. 
b) The hindwing beneath without green markings. — Pieris s. sir. Brassicae Group. 
Calypso Group ( Belenois Hbn.). 
The first subcostal vein of the forewing often joins the costal, but may also in the same species run quite free. 
The anal claspers of the H are large and with long points at the apex. 
P. raffrayi differs from all the other African species in having the hindwing beneath unicolorous black, 
with the base of the costal margin and ussually also a costal-marginal spot before the apex orange-yellow; 
the forewing on both sides white in the basal part almost to the apex of the cell and the hinder angle, behind 
that deep black with or without small, light streaks before the apex, beneath with yellow basal spot. — raffrayi raffrayi. 
Oberth. (12f, 13a, also figured as margaritacea ). Hindwing above grey-blue to or almost to the apex of the 
cell, then with a black marginal band 9—12 mm in breadth. German East Africa to Abyssinia. — margar- 
itacea E. Sharpe. The hindwing above bluish white to beyond the middle with the black marginal band 
only 5 mm in breadth and more or less light spotted. German and British East Africa. (The specimen figured 
13a as margaritacea belongs to the form raffrayi , only slightly approaching margaritacea in having the slightly 
bluish white spots before the apex). 
P. gidica. Forewing of the cT with sharply produced apex and straight or slightly incurved, entire 
distal margin, the fringes unspotted. The black submarginal spot in cellule 4 of the forewing is entirely absent 
or is smaller and much narrower than submarginal spots 3 and 5; the hindwing beneath almost midway 
