Publ. 31. XII. 1910. 
COLIAS. By Dr. C. Aurivillius. 
65 
T. hapale Mab. (22 d) has a short marginal band on the forewing, which at most reaches vein 2, usually 
only vein 3, but at vein 4 projects far proximad; the ground-colour of both wings is yellowish white or pure 
white (?) and the under surface is more or less spotted with brown. A very rare species, but occurring both 
in West and East Africa and on Madagascar. 
T. desjardinsi differs from the preceding species in the yellow ground-colour and from all the other 
African species in that the distal margin of the hindwing is feebly angled at vein 3 or between 3 and 4; the 
wings, especially the forewing, are broader and more rounded than in the following species. The ground-colour 
of the wing is bright yellow in the cf, lighter yellow in the ?. — desjardinsi Bdv. (22 e) is the normal summer 
form; the black marginal band of the upper surface is about 3 mm. in breadth on the forewing and on the 
hindmargin continued narrowly to the base, on the hindwing it is only about 1 mm. in breadth or broken up 
into spots; the under surface of the forewing is bright yellow without spots and that of the hindwing only 
ornamented with the usual dark grey markings. — regularis Btlr (22 e) is an extreme summer form, which 
agrees with desjardinsi on the under surface, but differs from it in that the marginal band on the upperside 
is much broader (on the forewing 5—6 mm. in breadth, on the hindwing 2—3 mm.) — marshalli Btlr. (22 e) 
is the winter form; the forewing is beneath at the apex and sometimes also at the distal margin more or less 
rust-brown or reddish and has usually also a brown subapical spot; the spots on the underside of the hindwing 
are also more or less reddish; the submarginal bands of the upper surface usually developed as in desjardinsi. 
ab. aliena Btlr. is an aberration of the winter form in which the marginal band of the forewing above is 
reduced to a short reddish brown apical band only 1—2 mm. in breadth and scarcely reaching vein 3; the 
hmdwing is entirely without markings. - mandarinula Hold. (22 e) is an extreme winter form, in which the 
marginal band of the forewing is broken up into small spots or dots; the specimen figured is an intermediate 
form, the marginal spots being large and contiguous. —■ In punctinotata Btlr. (22 e) the ground-colour is 
very light, sulphur-yellow, and the marginal bands are only represented by minute dots at the extremities of 
the veins. — This species occurs almost everywhere in the Ethiopian Region except Arabia. 
T. eximia Thur. (22 b, c) The distal margin of the hindwing uniformly curved. This species is unknown 
to me in nature and was described from a single ?. Upper surface pure sulphur-yellow with reddish fringes; 
the black apical band of the forewing begins at the costal margin about 1 / 3 before the apex and is rather 
sharply defined and runs in a curve distad, terminating in a point on vein 2; on the under surface the costal 
and distal margins of the forewing are rather broadly red-brownish and the entire hindwing delicately tinged 
with red-brown. German East Africa. 
T. brigitta has the distal margin of the hindwing uniformly curved. The black marginal band of the 
forewing above is always 5—7 mm. in breadth at the apex, is in the cf continued at the costal margin to 
the base and at the distal margin to the hinder angle, but in the ? is more or less interrupted at the hinder- 
angle and at the costal margin does not always reach the base. — brigitta Cr. (22 f) maybe easily recognized 
by the reddish fringes and the reddish colour of the under surface of the forewing and of the costal border 
of the forewing; the upper surface of the ? is not or but little sprinkled with black scales, f. zoe Hopff. 
(22f) has a sulphur-yellow under snrface and the fringes are never reddish; the upper surface of the ? is 
often rather densely sprinkled with black scales. The whole of Africa south of the Sahara; Madagascar and 
Aldabra. — pulchella Bdv. (22 f) only occurs on Madagascar and Mauritius and differs only in having the black 
marginal band of the hindwing above broader, at the apex 3. 5—4 mm. in breadth, and the ground-colour of 
the upper surface somewhat darker, but not so reddish as in the figure. 
13. Genus: Colias F. 
The genus Colias is represented in the mountainous districts of Europe, Asia and North America by 
numerous, often very beautiful species; one species extends the furthest towards the north of all the butterflies 
and others are distributed along the Cordilleras to the southern point of America. Also in the mountain- 
regions of Africa species of Colias occur; one species has even reached the most southerly part of the continent; 
on Madagascar and all the other islands, however, they appear to be entirely absent. The African species 
agree so nearly with the European that a detailed description of the genus is superfluous; for this cf. vol. 1, 
p. 62, pi. 25—27; vol. V, p. 90, pi. 27; vol IX, p. 164, pi. 72. 
C. hyale L. (vol. 1, pi. 25 g). This European species occurs in Abyssinia in a form which is very similar 
to sareptensis Stgr. The ground-colour of the upper surface is bright lemon-yellow; the broad black marginal 
band of the forewing, which is proximally almost rectangularly incised at vein 4, encloses large yellow spots 
and the marginal band of the hindwing is moderately broad or broken up into spots; the median spot of the 
forewing is somewhat smaller than in the typical European form and the under surface is bright yellow, somewhat, 
darker than the upper. — marnoana Roy., from the Soudan, is said to differ from the type-form in the absence 
of the orange-yellow median spot on the hindwing and in having a smaller, elongate median spot on the forewing. 
C. electo L. (22 f) is very similar to the European croceus Geoffr. and should probably be regarded as 
only a race of the latter? It is smaller, has the ground-colour above brighter, red-vellow with violet-red 
XIII. 9 
hapale. 
desjardinsi. 
regularis. 
marshalli. 
aliena. 
mandari¬ 
nula. 
'punctino¬ 
tata. 
eximia. 
brigitta. 
zoe. 
pulchella. 
hyale. 
marnoana. 
electo. 
