GNOPHODES. By Dr. C. Aurivillius. 
83 
upper surface is either coloured as in the rainy-season form or more or less, sometimes almost completely, 
suffused with red-yellow or red-brown. — fulvescens Gum. (= zitenides Fruhst.) (26 b). The red-yellow 
colour on the upperside of the hindwing usually shades off into the ground-colour without any sharp dividing 
line, but occasionally in specimens from the Cape Verde Islands it forms a sharply defined subapical spot, - 
ah. plagiata Auriv. — Larva light yellowish green with whitish longitudinal stripes and two spines on the 
head. Lives on grasses and especially on rice. Common everywhere in the whole region. 
M. libya Dist. (26b) is above unicolorous dark brown and has before the apex of the forewing a large 
black patch, covering cellules 3—6 and enclosing two large, oblong white spots (in cellules 3 and 4); the 
under surface is marbled as in the dry-season form of leda and has no distinct eye-spots. The rainy-season 
form is unknown to me. Senegal, Nyassaland, Manicaland, German East Africa, Uganda. — ab. nyassae Bartel 
has the forewing but little angled at vein 5 and a much smaller black subapical patch and smaller white spots 
on the forewing. Nyassaland. 
M. ansorgei Rothsch. Both wings above black-brown with violet or blue reflection; the forewing near 
the apex with a white transverse band, extending from the costal margin towards the projecting angle at vein 
5; the hindwing of the cf 1 with a mealy spot covered with hairs at the middle of vein lb; the under 
surface irregularly irrorated with grey. Rare, only found in the dense primeval forests of the French and 
Belgian Congo districts. 
3. Genus: 4«iiog>iao<l< k s Westw. 
The species of Gnophodes differ from those of the preceding genus in the precostal vein of the hind- 
wing arising at or before the point of separation of vein 8. The cfcf are characterized by special velvety 
or mealy spots. — Larva with two cylindrical, obtuse, erect horns on the head and the anal extremity deeply 
forked. The pupa is suspended free and is of almost uniform thickness with obtusely rounded head. The 
species may be divided into two groups according to the mealy spots of the d'd'. 
First Group. 
The cfcf near the hindmargin of the upperside of the forewing in cellule lb with a large, oval mealy spot, which 
is covered with long, distally directed hairs. Hindmargin of the forewing nearly straight. 
G. grogani E. Sharpe has an expanse of about 80 mm. and is therefore larger than the other species; 
the distal margin of the forewing between the triangular tooth at vein 5 and the hindmargin is quite smooth 
and nearly straight; in the cf the forewing has above a large, long-haired mealy spot also in the basal part of 
cellule 2; both wings above black-brown, the forewing with a gently curved, sharply defined, yellow subapical 
band, gradually narrowed posteriorly, between the costal margin and vein 1; the under surface marbled almost 
as in parmeno and with similar eye-spots. British Central Africa in the Mushari district and at the Ruwenzori. 
G. parmeno Dhl. & Hew. (26 b). The forewing is above blackish to the subapical band; the subapical 
band curved, in the cT indistinct and narrow, in the ? somewhat more distinct and broader; distal margin of the 
forewing between vein 5 and the hinder angle irregular; cT only in cellule 1 b with mealy spot; the under 
surface, as the figure shows, is brown marbled with white and yellowish. West African forest region from 
Sierra Leone to Angola and Uganda. — diversa Btlr. (26 c) is the South and East African race, which only 
differs in the broader and more sharply defined yellow subapical band on the upperside of the forewing. It 
is distributed from Natal to British East Africa. Larva green with green longitudinal lines. Pupa unicolorus 
green without markings, with the surface glossy and wax-like. In betsimena Bdv. the light, transverse band of 
the forewing is even broader, at the costal margin about 7 mm. in breadth, sharply and evenly bounded 
and lighter, whitish yellow; the distal margin of both wings is narrowly yellowish. Madagascar. — dubiosa 
form. nov. (26 c), of which I only know the figured ?, from the Cameroons, entirely agrees with parmeno 
beneath and only differs in having the transverse band on the upperside of the forewing white and the forewing 
scarcely angled. Probably only a female form of parmeno. 
Second Group. 
The cTcf at the anterior margin of the cell of the hindwing above with a large, elongate-oval, chalk-white mealy 
spot, which is covered by the strongly projecting middle part of the hindmargin of the forewing and to which corresponds 
a similar spot on the underside of the forewing. 
G. chelys F. (26 c). Both wings above black-brown, in the ? lighter than in the cf; the forewing 
with a slight indication of a reddish subapical band; the under surface as in the other species irregularly 
spotted and sprinkled with white eye-spots. Larva light, green, with fine, short whitish hairs, head dark 
brown with a white spot on the face and above with two small hairy horns; lives on a coarse, broad-leaved 
fulvescens. 
plagiula. 
lib pa. 
nyassae. 
ansorgei. 
grogani. 
parmeno. 
diversa. 
betsimena. 
dubiosa. 
chelys. 
