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Synopsis of the Genera. By Dr. C.. Aurivillius. 
2. Subfamily: Nymphalinae. 
To the Nymphalinae belong no less than 17 Ethiopian genera, which are all confined to this region, 
having no representatives in any other. They are almost all characteristic of the primeval forest region and 
only occur singly elsewhere. Only a single species, Hamanumida daedalus F. , is found also in quite dry, open 
country and even occurs in Arabia. On Madagascar there are only three species, two of which belong to Pseu- 
dacraea and one to Aterica. In South and East Africa the Nymphalines are comparatively rare and are almost 
exclusively confined to wooded localities. 
The numerous forms often differ widely and have in common only the characters which are given in 
the synopsis of the subfamilies. The antenna is usually long to very long with the club elongate, irregularly 
rounded. The wings in the majority of the genera are large and broad, only in the last three ( Catuna, Pseudo- 
neptis and Pseudacraea) the forewing is narrower and elongate. The ground-colour is often dark brown to 
blackish, but very frequently with beautiful blue, green or violet reflections. 
The sexes are often very unlike, the $$ differing from the in colour and markings as well as in the 
shape of the wings. This renders the study of the forms considerably more difficult, but on the other hand 
makes this subfamily one of the most interesting among the butterflies. 
The earlier stages of only a few species are known. The larvae appear to be distinguished by having 
only two rows of spines developed, one at each side of the dorsum; these spines are often strongly branched 
and much prolonged, sometimes erect, sometimes directed outwards and decumbent. Pupa with a large, pyra¬ 
midal elevation on the dorsum. 
Some of the genera are very nearly allied and sometimes they can only be certainly distinguished by 
comparing both sexes. The most important differences are brought out in the following synopsis. 
Synopsis of the Genera. 
I. The space between the stalk of veins 7—9 and vein 12 on the forewing is so narrow that veins 10, 11 
and 12 touch one another or are only separated by very narrow spaces. 
A. Vein 10 of the forewing arises from the cell or very rarely close behind the end of the cell from the 
stalk of 7—9. 
a. The precostal vein of the hindwing arises from vein 8 at or a little before the point where this 
separates from the cell, very rarely somewhat behind this point. The cell of the hindwing in the 
latter case is always closed. 
* Cell of the hindwing open, very rarely (in Cymothoe lucasi, cloetensi and oemilius ) finely closed. 
1. Cell of the forewing closed. Vein 9 of the forewing arises in the A about midway between 
the apex of the cell and vein 8, but in the $ somewhat nearer to vein 8. The precostal vein 
of the hindwing arises a little before the point of separation of vein 8. 
1. Cymothoe. 
2. Cell of the forewing open. Vein 9 of the forewing arises in the A much nearer to the cell then 
to vein 8, in the £ nearer to vein 8 than to the cell. The precostal vein of the hindwing arises 
just opposite the point of separation of vein 8. 
a. Vein 10 of the forewing from the cell. Hindwing in the <$ produced at the anal angle. 
2. Euptera. 
b. Vein 10 of the forewing from the stalk of 7—9 shortly beyond the apex of the cell. Hind¬ 
wing rounded at the anal angle. 3. Pseudathyma. 
* * Cell of both wings closed. 
f Vein 9 of the forewing in the usually arises shortly beyond the apex of the cell and always 
nearer to this than to vein 8. 
§ Vein 9 of the forewing in the $ arises nearer to vein 8 than to the cell. Veins 3 and 4 of 
the forewing arise from the same point, the posterior angle of the cell, or at least nearer 
to one another than veins 5 and 6. The precostal vein of the hindwing arises at or somewhat 
after the point where vein 8 separates from the cell. 
f Hinclwing with broad, obtuse lobate tail at the anal angle midway between veins 
1 b and 2. Wings above with green ground-colour. 5. Euryphaedra. 
If Hindwing rounded at the anal angle or projecting at vein 1 b or 2. 
1. Sexes very dissimilar in colour, markings and wing-contour. 
