HYPOLIMNAS. By Dr. C. Aubivilltos. 
213 
Misippus Group. 
The oc? are blackish above with a large white spot in the middle of the hindwing and two white spots on the 
forewing, one in the middle composed of 3—5 spots in cellules (2) 3—5 (6) and one before the apex consisting of 2 or 3 
spots in cellules 6—8; these white markings are surrounded by a blue or violet iridescence. The $$ are usually very unlike 
the £<$ and develop a large number of races and forms. 
H. bolina A. (vol. IX, p. 547, pi. 118b) belongs properly to the Indo-Australian Region, in which it shows bolina. 
an extraordinary range of variation. In the Ethiopian Region it has hitherto only become naturalized on the 
islands of Socotra, Lemka (near Socotra) and Mauritius. On the last-named island only a few specimens have 
been met with, which perhaps were only accidentally introduced. The of bolina differs from that of mi¬ 
sippus in the smaller white markings of the upper surface and especially in the white median band on the hind¬ 
wing beneath, which is not half as broad, only 4—5 mm. The Socotra form closely approximates to the 
South Indian and Ceylon race and lias a female form which agrees with jacintha Don. (vol. IX, pi. 119 b). 
H. misippus L. (vol. I, 23k 60 c). In the male the white markings on the upper surface are larger misippus. 
and more rounded than in bolina and the hindwing has on the underside a white median band about 10 mm. 
in breadth, extending from the inner margin to vein 8 and containing one or two black transverse streaks 
in cellule 7. The $ is always quite unlike the $ and mimics the forms of Danaida chrysippus and dorippus. 
The typical $ resembles the typical D. chrysippus, having the apical half of the forewing black with white 
transverse band and white subapical spot; the basal half of the forewing and the hindwing are brown-yellow 
above; the latter has a white-dotted marginal band 4mm. in breadth; beneath the apex of the forewing and the 
hindwing are ochre-yellowish and the hindwing has a black spot at the base of cellide 5 and a black trans¬ 
verse streak in 7; the white spots of the marginal band are larger than above; the basal part of the fore wing 
beneath is dark brown and is separated by a black transverse band from the white spots in cellules 3—6. 
$-ab. alcippoides Btlr. (47 a) only differs in having the hindwing more or less extended white in the middle alcippoides. 
on both surfaces; it thus corresponds to the form alcippus of Danaida chrysippus. In $-ab. inaria Cr. (vol. I, maria. 
pi. 60 c) the forewing is yellow-brown above except for the black costal margin and the marginal band, 
which is only 2—3 mm. in breadth, almost exactly as in Danaida dorippus. $-ab. dorippoides Auriv. has the dorippoides. 
middle of the hindwing more or less white, but otherwise agrees with inaria, thus corresponding to the form 
albinus of Danaida dorippus. Id. misippus occurs commonly throughout the Ethiopian Region. — The larva 
is dark brown, laterally dark greenish with two reddish streaks; legs red; the spines are blackish. Lives on spe¬ 
cies of Portulaca. Pupa brownish, with black-brown markings; abdomen with fine dark transverse lines; wing- 
cases dark brown with some ochre-yellow spots. 
Salmacis Group. 
Mostly large species with very broad wings. Distal margin of the hindwing in the first species deeply dentate, in the 
others only undulate. In all the species except the last the veins of the hindwing and sometimes also veins 1—5 on 
the forewing are accompanied on each side by a bluish or white dot or streak at or somewhat before their extremity. The 
forewing behind the cell with a white or whitish transverse hand composed of 3—6 spots. 
H. dexithea Hew. (47 a). Both wings black-brown above; the forewing with a broad white median band dexithea. 
extending from the middle of the costal margin to the middle of cellule 2, white submarginal spots in 1 b, 
2, 5—8, a bluish longitudinal streak in the cell and a bluish spot at the base of cellule 2; the hindwing 
with large white median area, bounded hr cellules 1 a—5 by a broad brown-red band; marginal streaks of 
both wings long and bluish. Beneath both wings are red-brown with the light markings somewhat enlarged; 
only the marginal bands, about 3—4 mm. in breadth, and the hindmargin of the forewing nearly to vein 3 
are black and the marginal streaks are white instead of blue. This magnificent species, which differs from 
all others in its deeply dentate hindwing, occurs only on Madagascar and flies in the forests of the northern 
and eastern parts of the island. 
H. antevorta Dist. (47 a) is also black above with blue median band on the hind wing, blue discal antevorta. 
spots in 1 a, 1 b, 2 and the cell of the forewing and blue marginal streaks, which, however, do not quite reach 
the distal margin; the white transverse band of the fore wing is narrower than in dexithea, is more obliquely 
placed and terminates in cellule 4; the white submarginal spots of the forewing are large and all present. Be¬ 
neath both wings are dark umber-brown, only black at the hindmargin of the forewing, the median band of 
the hindwing is white and only 2mm. in breadth; the marginal streaks are also white, but larger than above; 
the forewing projects more sharply at vein 6 than in the other species. Hitherto only found in German East 
Africa. 
H. salmacis is distinguished by having the upperside of the hindwing extended blue or violet in the 
middle ; the blue colour forms two long points distally in each cellule and is more or less interrupted in the 
middle by a white band; another large blue area is placed at the hinder angle of the fore wing, covering the 
distal half of cellules 1 a and 1 b and a larger or smaller part of cellule 2 and anteriorly touching the white 
