HYPOLIMNAS. By Dr. C. Aurivillius. 
215 
dark brown beyond the middle and the large white median area reaches the inner margin and sends off a branch 
towards the apex and another towards the middle of the distal margin in cellule 4; then follows a broad dark 
brown band and at the distal margin a narrow whitish band divided by two black lines; the forewing lias a 
white dot in the basal part of the cell, a continuous discal band and subapical band and usually only two sub¬ 
marginal dots, one in lb and one in 7; beneath the forewing is blackish as far as vein 4, then lighter brown, 
irrorated in places with white, at the middle of the distal margin relieved with whitish; hindwing above with 
large white discal area, extending beyond the middle and distally rounded; the light markings are smaller in the 
(= kirbyi Btlr.) than in the $. Larva velvety black with a yellow belt in the middle of each segment, in which 
the spines are placed; the spines on the head are long, black and thickened into knobs at the tip; it lives in 
Natal on a species of the genus Fleurya. Natal to British East Africa. — deludens Smith (= grandidieri deludens. 
Mab.) is the race from Madagascar and only differs in both wings having a complete row of white submarginal 
dots. 
H. limbata Crowley is distinguished by having the white marginal spots of both wings on both surfaces limbata. 
united into a marginal band 1 mm. in breadth, only interrupted by the dark veins. The wings are light 
black-grey on both surfaces with almost the same white markings as in drucei Btlr. except that submarginal 
spots 6—8 on the upperside of the forewing are larger and joined together. Smaller than dubia, with an 
expanse of about 60 mm.; probably only a form of dubia. Comes from Madagascar and must be very rare. 
H. dubia is very rich in forms and is a very interesting species biologically. For a long time three 
local races were known, a West African ( dubia, with the aberrations cerberus and damoclina), a South and 
East African ( mima) and one from Madagascar ( drucei with the aberration bewsheri). At the same time another 
species, anthedon, was known, which entirely agreed with dubia in structure and wing-shape, but had a quite 
different pattern, the light discal band of the forewing being absent and replaced by a large hindmarginal 
spot in cellules 1 a—2, and the Avhite submarginal dots wanting on both wings, anthedon also had three 
local races, a West African ( anthedon , type-form), a South and East African ( wahlbergi ) and a Madagascar 
(madagascariensis). It is true some few specimens were known ( diffusa , daemona, daemonides ) which might 
be regarded as transitional forms between dubia and anthedon. But as hybrids can occur in nature, although 
very rarely, these specimens were regarded as such. In addition specimens of mima and wahlbergi were taken 
in copula. But even this fact was not sufficient to unite the two “species”. Not until the experiments carried 
out by Alfred D. Millar in 1909 in Natal was the matter decisively cleared up. Millar obtained from eggs 
laid by a $ of H. wahlbergi 4 wahlbergi and 5 mima , and from the eggs of a mima $ once only specimens 
of mima and another time 8 mima and 3 wahlbergi. Thus it is proved that in dubia we have to do not 
only with three local races, but also in each race with two forms quite different in the markings and inclu¬ 
ding both sexes. It should further be mentioned that the forms without hindmarginal spot on the fore wing 
mimic the Amauris species hyalites (24 a), egialia (25 c), inferna (24 b), heeate ( 24 b) and albimaculata (25 d, 
as lobengula), while on the other hand the forms with hindmarginal spot on the forewing are similar to 
the forms of Amauris niavius (23 d) and nossima (23 d). All the forms of dubia are on the underside deep 
black close to the base of the hinclwing with two white dots, one in the cell and one in cellule 8. The larva 
differs from that of H. decevtor in the yellowish spines. 
a. The West African Race. 
dubia Pal. (48 a). Fore wing with submarginal dots, but without hindmarginal spot; the light basal part of dubia. 
the hindwing is large, covering also the base of cellules 1 c, 2 and 3 and extending in cellules 4—6 far be¬ 
yond the middle, ab. damoclina Trim. (47 b, c) only differs in having the light (white to yellowish) basal area damoclina. 
of the hindwing much smaller, not extending beyond the middle, and posteriorly and proximallv bounded 
by the lower median vein; the discal spots on the upperside of the forewing are often bluish in the $; in 
the reduction of the median area of the hinclwing it forms a transition to ab. cerberus Auriv., in which the cerberus. 
light area of the hindwing is entirely absent; cf. Amauris tartarea (25 a). — f. daemona Stgr. forms a transi- daemona. 
tion between dubia and anthedon and is distinguished by having the discal spot in cellule 2 of the fore wing, 
which is of the same shape as in dubia, joined to the hindmarginal spot by three long whitish spots in cellules 
1 a-and 1 b, whilst the submarginal band is continuous; the white submarginal dots are present, but smaller 
than in dubia ; the light area of the hindwing as large as in the latter. Cameroons. —- ab. daemonides daemonides. 
Stgr. (—latepicta Bartel) is also a transitional form and only differs from daemona in having the hindmarginal 
spot of the forewing yellowish in cellules la and lb and the subapical band of the forewing dusted with black¬ 
ish; the light area of the hindwing is smaller than in daemona. —- Kudu. —- f. anthedon Dbl. (47 c) is the form anthedon. 
without submarginal dots and with large white hindmarginal spot on the forewing; the light basal area of the 
hindwing is moderately large and the black marginal band consequently 6—15mm. in breadth at vein 2 and 
