216 
SALAMIS. By Dr. 0. Attrivillius. 
5—9 mm. at vein 6. — The West African race is distributed from Sierra Leone to Angola and Uganda and passes 
gradually into the following race in the border regions. 
b. South and East African Race 
mima. mima Trim. (48 a) corresponds to dubia, but has in the cell of the forewing a narrow streak-like white spot, 
which does not reach the lower angle of the cell; the light area of the hindwing is large, covering as in dubia 
millari. also the base of cellules 1 c—-3, and is distally rounded, f. millari form. nov. is a transitional form to wahlbergi, 
already figured by Trimen in 1910; it corresponds to daernona Stgr., only differing from it in the larger and more 
wahlbergi. sharply defined hindmarginal spot of the forewing and the better defined basal area of the hindwing. f. wahl¬ 
bergi Wallengr. (47 d) only differs from anthedon in the enlargement of the white markings; the dark marginal 
band of the hindwing is consequently only 4—6 mm. in breadth. This race occurs in Natal and the whole of 
East Africa as far as Uganda. 
/ 
c. Madagascar Race 
drucei. drucei Btlr. corresponds to the forms dubia and mima, but differs from them in having the submarginal dots of 
the hindwing larger and present in all the cellules, including 1. c and 2; the light area of the hindwing is large 
bcwsheri. and yellowish, ab. bewsheri Btlr. has tire basal area of the hindwing white or whitish, but otherwise agrees 
diffusa, with drucei. f. diffusa Btlr. is, like daernona and millari, a transitional form and like them has a large hind- 
marginal spot on the hindwing and distinct submarginal dots, which, however, are present also in 1 c and 2 
madagas- on the hindwing; the light basal part of the hindwing is very large and white, f. madagascariensis Mab. nearly 
cariensis. approaches the form wahlbergi, but has still more extended white markings and a thick, not streak-like, 
white spot in the cell of the forewing. 
vsambara. H. usatnbara Ward is similar to the form wahlbergi of dubia, but larger, and distinguished by having 
on the hindwing above brown-red spots before the distal margin in 1 b and 2 and beneath a broad lunulate 
band of the same colour before the narrow black distal margin; also the underside of the forewing before the 
apex brown-red. As other species also, as for instance Pseudacraea lucretia and Neptidopsis ophione, have 
East African races in which yellow-red markings are present at the hindmargin of the hindwing, it would not 
surprise me if this rare form proved to be likewise a race of dubia. German and British East Africa. 
4. Genus: Earn is Bdv. 
This genus almost entirely agrees with Hypolimnas in neuration and embraces large, broad-winged, 
finely coloured species which are peculiar to the Ethiopian Region and are most closely allied to the Indian genus 
Rhinopalpa. The forewing is always angled or long-produced at the extremity of vein 6 and the hindwing 
lobed^or tailed at the anal angle. 
The early stages agree with those of Hypolimnas and the larva has two long spines on the head, two 
at each"side of the first segment, 10 each on segments 2 and 3 and 11 each on segments 4—10. The pupae 
are very similar to those of our large Vanessa species. 
The species may be divided into three very natural groups. 
First Group. 
The distal margin of the hindwing at the extremity of vein 5 angled or Avith a short tail. Both Avings aboA r e 
and beneath Avith submarginal eye-spots; eye-spots 1 b and 2 on the foreAving equidistant from the distal margin. 
femora. S. temora Fldr. (50 c). Both wings above as far as the eye-spots or on the forewing nearly to the 
distal margin a beautiful dark blue in the <$ or violet-brown in the $, then broAvn-grey with 1—-5 eye-spots 
and two black-broAvn marginal lines; under surface with violet-grev and black-brown transverse bands or lines 
and with a whitish spot at the costal margin of the hindwing. Old Calabar to Angola, German East Africa 
vircsccns. and Abyssinia, ab. virescens Suff. differs in the blue-green to almost green colour of the upper surface, which 
extends on the hindwing as far as the first marginal line, hence enclosing the eye-spots. German East Africa: 
Mhonda. 
cytora. S. cytora Dbl. & Hew. (50 c) nearly approaches the preceding species, only differing in the upperside of 
both Avings having a broad light blue (<J) or whitish ($) median band, which extends on the forewing from the 
middle of the costal margin to the hindmargin near the anal angle, where it encloses the eye-spots in cellules 
1 b and 2; on the hindwing it reaches vein 1 b and is nearly straight. Sierra Leone to Togo. 
Second Group. 
The distal margin of the hindAving at the extremity of vein 4 Avith a more or less long tail; distal margin of the 
forewing long-produced at vein 6. Wings above white or whitish, with a strong mother-of-pearl gloss; apex of the foreAving 
for a smaller or greater extent black and also two lines, sometimes indistinct or broken up into spots, before the distal 
margin and the eye-spots. The eye-spot in cellule 1 b of the forewing placed much nearer to the distal margin than the 
one in 2. 
