Publ. 14. 1. 1913. 
SALAMIS. By Dr. C. Auriyillhis. 
217 
S. parhassus is on an average larger than the following species and may be at once distinguished from 
it by the strongly glossy under surface of both wings; the eye-spot, in cellule 2 of the forewing is distinct also 
beneath. — parhassus Drury is the northern race and is distinguished by having the distal margin of both -parhassus. 
wings above more broadly darkened and at the apex of the forewing completely united with the eye-spots in 
cellules 5 and 6. Sierra Leone to the Niger. — aethiops Pal. (50 b). The dark marginal band on the upper adhiops. 
surface is' absent or narrow and the eye-spot, in cellule 5 of the forewing is usually quite free. — Larva 
black with a broad red-brown transverse band dorsally on each segment between the belts of spines or unicolo- 
rous red-brown with black spines and black head. Old Calabar to the Cape and Abyssinia. 
S. anacardii. The wings beneath with dull white ground-colour, not glossy; the eye-spot in cellule 2 
on the underside of the forewing absent or quite indistinct; the apex of the forewing above broadly black, 
the black colour sharply defined basally and enclosing some white spots. — anacardii L. The black apical anacardii. 
part of the forewing above is narrower and does not completely enclose a white spot, in cellule 4. Sierra Leone 
to Gold Coast. — ansorgei Rothsch. nearly approaches the type-form but has a more reddish reflection on the ansorgei. 
upper surface; the black submarginal spots in cellules 4—6 are placed in a straight line and the spot, in cellule 
2 is larger than that in cellule lb. Angola.- — nebulosa Trim. (50b £; 8 as anacardii) has the black markings nebulosa. 
of the upper surface more extended, especially in the $; the black apical part of the forewing above always com¬ 
pletely encloses a small black dot. in cellule 4. Natal to Unyoro and Abyssinia. - duprei Vins. (50 b) only occurs on duprei. 
Madagascar and differs from the other races in the hindwing having a long tail at the anal angle and in the 
distal margin of the fore wing in the rj projecting very strongly at vein 6. 
Third Group. 
Distal margin of the hindwing uniformly rounded or at vein 4 angled or with a short tail. Whigs above with the 
ground-colour red-brown, violet-brown or dark brown and the apical part of the forewing black; the black colour reaches the 
middle of the costal margin and the anal angle. The hindwing above with two dark marginal lines but without eye-spots, instead 
of these occasionally with submarginal dots. The under surface is extremely variable, scarcely two specimens being coloured 
alike; it is more or less leaf-like or simulates the colouring of a branch or tree-trunk covered with lichen or moss. A straight 
dark line runs from the anal angle of the hindwing nearly to the apex of the forewing. The tail at the anal angle of the 
hindwing is always curved somewhat inwards. 
S. augustina Bdv. Both wings above dark violet-brown; the forewing with black marginal band augustina. 
which always encloses a large white submarginal spot, in cellule 5 and usually also white spots in cellules 2—4; 
the hindwing with light, grey to yellowish marginal band, about 13 mm. in breadth in the middle; the transverse 
line on the under surface is more or less edged with white or bordered with white spots. Madagascar, Bourbon, 
and formerly also on Mauritius, where, however, it seems to be now extinct. Colonel N. Manders, who in 1907 
published a work on the butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon, writes concerning it: “This butterfly is one of 
exceptional interest, as it is almost certainly extinct (on Mauritius), no specimen having been taken for twelve 
years. So far as I can ascertain from extensive inquiries in this country and abroad, there are only two speci¬ 
mens extant; one in Mr. Trimen’s collection given to him in the year 1865 by the late Mr. Colville Barclay 
taken in the Moka district and the other, here figured, in the Port Louis Museum. It is well therefore to put 
on record all that I have learnt regarding the latest captures of this rare insect.. It was getting very scarce 
when Mr. Trimen was in the island in 1865, and it is strange that an insect whose larva feeds on the sugar-cane 
which covers the greater portion of Mauritius should not. rather be overabundant, than otherwise. I attribute 
its disappearance to the depredations of the Indian Mynah (Acridotheres t.ristis), which was introduced some 
hundred years ago for the purpose of keeping in check the field-crickets and other insects which were destroying 
the canes. The bird is protected and is consequently over-abundant, flying in small flocks of twenty to thirty 
all over the country, and making themselves a general nuisance. The bird was also brought into Bourbon, but 
fortunately for 8. augustina so frequently finds its way into the cooking-pots of the natives, that the butterfly 
survives though in greatly diminished numbers. In Madagascar where the “Mynah” is unknown, S. augustina 
is not uncommon. Man therefore is responsible for the extinction of the butterfly. The Port Louis specimen came 
from the collection of the late M. Reynard, who some five-and-twenty years ago bred some half dozen specimens 
from larvae found in his garden on Trianon estate in the Moka district. At his death they came into the possession 
of the Port Louis Museum authorities, but only the one specimen could be preserved, the remainder being in frag¬ 
ments. In August 1895 Dr. Bolton captured two specimens at. Souillac on the east, coast. These specimens 
were afterwards lost.. This is the last capture I have been able to ascertain”. The extinction of 8. augustina 
on Mauritius is so much the more to be regretted because it had apparently produced a separate race there, 
which was distinguished by having the white submarginal spots on the upperside of the forewing better developed. 
S. anteva Ward (50 a). Distal margin of the hindwing rounded or at vein 4 very weakly angled; anteva. 
both wings above with the ground-colour yellow-brown, much darker on the hindwing, with faint violet reflec¬ 
tion; the black apical part of the forewing near its proximal margin in cellules 3—6 with a light, subapical band, 
which is blue in the 8 and white in the $; the under surface is lighter or darker tan-yellow to violet-grey with 
darker transverse bands and lines. Madagascar. 
XIII 
28 
