226 
PRECIS. By Dr. C. Auriyillkts. 
margin and is irregular in shape; the type-form only occurs in South Asia (cf. vol. IX, p. 524; vol. I, p. 197, 
cebrene. pi. 62 b). — cebrene Trim. (51 a) differs from the type-form in the smaller ochre-yellow areas, which are light 
yellow in the middle, and the more rounded blue spot. In the $ the base of the forewing is velvety black 
as far as vein 2, but the outer parts of the cell are unicolorous yellow without black markings; there is a yellow, 
black-pupilled eye-spot in cellule 5 and before it a whitish yellow subapical band. The $ has the ground¬ 
colour of the upper surface brown-black, the yellow area of the hindwing more extended, a black transverse 
streak at the end of the cell of the hindwing and a large blue-pupilled, black eye-spot in cellule 2 of the hind¬ 
wing behind the middle. Arabia, Socotra and everywhere, on the continent of Africa south of the Sahara. — 
paris. paris Trim, only differs in having the cell of the forewing above black to the apex with a fine blue trans¬ 
verse streak and the subapical band of the forewing only represented by two small dots; the under surface 
of the hindwing is often reddish or brownish. Madagascar. — The larva lives in Natal on species of Barleria 
and Justicia; it is dark violet-grey with broad blackish lateral line, which is bounded beneath by yellowish 
streaks, and with black spines. The pupa is chocolate-brown with small yellow and white spots and Mots. 
clelia. P. clelia Cr. (51 a). The wings are velvety black above in the $ with a large rounded blue spot, 
with violet and green reflections, at the costal margin of the hindwing; this spot covers the apex of the cell 
and the base of cellules 4—7; the hindwing has in addition a white marginal band, 2 mm. in breadth, which 
is divided by the black veins and by two black marginal lines thickened at the veins, and two black eye-spots 
with yellow rings and white pupils, one in cellule 2 and the other in cellule 5; the forewing has 1 or 2 small 
red-brown streaks in the cell, a curved white discal band, composed of 5 spots and extending from the middle 
of the costal margin to vein 3, a white submarginal band between veins 2 and 8, which, however, is indistinct 
or interrupted in cellules 4 and 5, and finally two white spots in 5 and 6 close to the distal margin; the under 
surface of the forewing is black with grey apex and almost the same markings as above, except that the 
cell is bluish with three thick, red-brown, black-edged transverse streaks; the hindwing is grey beneath with 
nebulous brown markings and a thick dark brown transverse band beyond the middle, in which the usually 
indistinct eye-spots are placed. The $ is similar to the $ beneath, but has the ground-colour above somewhat 
lighter and the eye-spots much larger and present also in cellules 2 and 5 of the forewing almost as distinctly as on 
the hindwing. Occurs everywhere on the continent of Africa and in addition on the Comoros, Socotra and 
Aldabra. — It is a well-known fact that the eye-spots of the Satyrids and other butterflies in which such 
spots occur are very variable. Hence if in a species which has normally 7 eye-spots for instance, aberrations 
are erected and named according to the presence and relative development of the eye-spots, one may enrich 
the literature with hundreds of names in every such species. But whether science can derive any benefit from 
it is another question, to which it is difficult to give an affirmative answer. For the good of science and the 
credit of lepidopterists it would be much better to investigate the limits and the causes of the variation. We 
may be permitted to make these remarks in view of the following trifling and scarcely more than individual 
viridata. aberrations. -— J'-ab. viridata Strand has the costal spot on the upperside of the hindwing green instead of blue; 
bi'pu'piTlata. is it artificial or natural ?! German East Africa: Amani. — $-ab. bipupillata Strand. The hindwing above with a 
iriocellata. small eye-spot in cellule 6 also. Abyssinia. •— $-ab. triocellata Strand. The hindwing above both in 4 and in 6 
with a small eye-spot, which adjoins the larger eye-spot in cellule 5. German East Africa and Abyssinia. -— §-ab. 
posterior, posterior Strand. The small eye-spot in cellule 6 on the hindwing above is wanting, but that in 4 is present. 
subtriocel- Abyssinia. — $-ab. subtriocellata Strand. As triocellata, but of the anterior small eye-spot only the red distal ring 
i hi ih) pupil' present (!). Abyssinia. — ab. subbipupillata Strand. As bipupillata , but the small ocellus placed at the anterior 
lata, side of the large anterior ocellus (eye-spot) on the hindwing is quite rudimentary and only indicated by an ob¬ 
tusely tooth-shaped, anteriorly directed prolongation of the red marginal ring of the large ocellus (!). Abys- 
virilis. sinia. — $-ab. virilis Strand is a female form in which the blue spot on the hindwing is as large as in the <§. 
vossderiana. Abyssinia. — $-ab. vosseleriana Strand is smaller than normal and has the spot on the hindwing light greyish 
subepiclelhi. but as large as in the type-form. German East Africa. -— $-ab. subepiclelia Strand strongly recalls the Mada- 
cpiclclia. gascar race, but has the white markings as large as in the type-form. — epiclelia Bdv. (51 a) only occurs on 
Madagascar and differs from the continental form in its smaller size and the smaller white spots on the fore¬ 
wing; in addition the blue spot of the hindwing is in the $ often absent or indistinct and greyish and the trans¬ 
verse bands in the cell on the underside of the forewing are pure yellow instead of red-yellow. — The larva of 
clelia is very similar to that of cebrene, scarcely differing except in the whitish lateral line; it lives in Natal on 
Asystasia coromandeliana. The pupa is similar to that of cebrene. 
orithya. P. orithya L. was first described from specimens from China; cf. vol. I, p. 197, pi. 62 b and vol. IX, 
p. 522. It approximates to the preceding species and has almost the same white markings on the forewing, 
while both wings bear two distinct yellow eye-spots with black rings in 2 and 5; the blue colour, however, does 
not form a round spot at the costal margin of the hindwing, but covers at least the whole distal half of the 
madagasca- wing and also forms a quadrate spot in cellules 1 a and 1 b of the forewing near the anal angle. — niada- 
iia^is. gascariensis Guen. (= boopis Trim.) is the race occurring in Africa and on Madagascar; it is smaller than the 
