VANESSULA; PYRAMEIS; ANTANARTIA. By Dr. G. Auriyillius. 
227 
type-form, with the light markings of the forewing reduced and yellowish white instead of pure white; the light 
discal band of the forewing is completely separated from the submarginal band; the cell of the forewing 
has distinct red-yellow transverse streaks and the blue colour of the hindwing in the $ is broader at the 
costal margin, reaching the base of cellule 7, but in the $ of uniform breadth, not or scarcely reaching the 
apex of the cell; the $ is otherwise distinguished from the by the much larger eye-spots on the upper 
surface and duller colouring. Congo to Natal and Abyssinia; Madagascar. — here Lang is even smaller and has here. 
no red-yellow transverse streaks in the cell of the forewing. Arabia. 
Resume of the seasonal dimorphism of the genus Precis. 
As no other genus of the African butterflies shows such great and striking differences between the seasonal forms 
as Precis, it is of interest to give a survey of"the characters in which the seasonal forms differ from one another. If we regard 
the rainy-season forms as the normal and original, which is probably correct, we may say that the variations of the dry-season 
forms have almost throughout the object of giving them an appearance which exactly harmonizes with their environment 
during the dry season. The greater are the differences between the seasons in a district and the more the vegetation becomes 
yellow and parched, the more also do the dry-season forms of the Precis species differ from those of the rainy season. The 
characters which are specially affected are the size, the shape of the wings, the colour and form of the fringes, the markings 
and colouring of the upper surface and quite especially those of the under surface. The dry-season forms are always larger 
in Precis than those of the rainy season; one would expect the contrary, as all nature is far more luxuriantly developed during 
the rainy season; but if one considers that the larvae of the dry-season forms are developed during the rainy season and 
those of the rainy-season forms on the contrary during the dry season, this fact is probably sufficient to account for the dif¬ 
ferences in the size. In all the Precis species the distal margin of the forewing projects somewhat at the extremity of vein 6; 
in the rainy-season forms, however, the wing is here obtusely rounded or only weakly angled, but in those of the dry season 
there is a sharp, sometimes very long point, so that the forewing becomes more or less falcate, and at the same time the 
anal angle of the hindwing is produced into more of a tail (not, however, in the dry-season forms of octavia ); hence the wings 
present a leaf-like appearance, particularly in the attitude of resting.. The fringes in the dry-season forms are usually uni- 
colorous and entire-margined, even when the rainy-season forms have them undulate and spotted with white. The markings 
of the upper surface are usually but little changed in the dry-season forms; the white colour is, however, nearly always re¬ 
placed by red-yellow or blue and occasionally also the red-yellow markings of the rainy-season forms are almost entirely sup¬ 
pressed and replaced by dark blue or dark brown ones. The under surface, which in the rainy-season forms has often bright 
colours and sharp markings, is on the other hand entirely altered and changes into a duller yellow-brown, dark brown or grey- 
browh, which has no markings or only indistinct ones, but is nearly always traversed by a light or dark median band. 
7. Genus: Yanessula Dew. 
When Hewitson in 1873 described the sole species of this genus he placed it among the Lycaenids. 
To Dewitz belongs the credit of having first detected that this peculiar little species belongs to the Nymphalids, 
as is proved both by the structure of the forelegs and by the neuration. The palpus is long and projecting; 
the antenna is likewise long and has a well defined, flattened club; the wings are rather broad with rounded, 
undulate distal margin; the abdomen almost reaches the anal angle of the hindwing. The early stages are un¬ 
known. 
V. milca Hew. (52 e). Both wings black above with a common deep red-yellow median band, extending milcn. 
from the middle of the inner margin of the hindwing in a nearly straight line and with a breadth of 4—5 mm. 
to vein 4 of the forewing and then narrowed and curved somewhat towards the base, reaching the stalk of veins 
7—9. The ground-colour of the under surface is somewhat lighter with whitish striae in the basal part-and grey 
and red-brown nebulous spots in the marginal band; the median band is on the hindwing white-yellow, watered 
with brown, and on the forewing sharply defined and unspotted, but somewhat lighter red-yellow than above. 
Cameroons to the southern Congo region and Uganda. 
8. Genus: I*yrameis Him. 
With regard to this well-known genus it is sufficient to refer to the synopsis (p. 210) and to the descrip¬ 
tions in vol. I, p. 198 and vol. IX, p. 524. In the Ethiopian Region only one species occurs. 
P. cardui L. (vol. I, p. 199, pi. 62 d; vol. IX, p. 524) is very remarkable for its almost entire lack of sus- cardui. 
ceptibility to external influences; the species occurs with almost identical colouring and markings in North 
Europe on the coasts of the Arctic Ocean and in the tropics of Africa and Asia. In the Ethiopian Region it 
is found everywhere both on the continent and on the islands; in the warmer districts, however, it seems to pre¬ 
fer the higher elevations. According to Fawcett the larva in South Africa is similar to the European and lives 
there also on thistles. 
9. Genus: An tan art in Rothsch. & Jord. 
The species of this genus werejbrmerly placed in Hypanartia Kirby, otherwise only occurring in South 
